Alexandre III da Macedônia (português brasileiro) ou Macedónia (português europeu), comumente conhecido como Alexandre, o Grande ou Alexandre Magno, foi rei (basileu) do reino grego antigo da Macedônia e um membro da dinastia argéada. Nascido em Pela em 356 a.C., o jovem príncipe sucedeu a seu pai, o rei Filipe II, no trono com vinte anos de idade. Ele passou a maior parte de seus anos no poder em uma série de campanhas militares sem precedentes através da Ásia e nordeste da África. Até os trinta anos havia criado um dos maiores impérios do mundo antigo, que se estendia da Grécia para o Egito e ao noroeste da Índia.
Introdução
O que você precisa saber de cara
Inflamação cerebral causada pelo vírus do Nilo Ocidental, transmitido por mosquitos. Pode causar febre, dor de cabeça, rigidez de nuca, convulsões e coma.
Escala de raridade
<1/50kMuito rara
1/20kRara
1/10kPouco freq.
1/5kIncomum
1/2k
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Entender a doença
Do básico ao detalhe, leia no seu ritmo
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Sinais e sintomas
O que aparece no corpo e com que frequência cada sintoma acontece
Linha do tempo da pesquisa
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Genética e causas
O que está alterado no DNA e como passa nas famílias
Nenhum gene associado encontrado
Os dados genéticos desta condição ainda estão sendo catalogados.
Diagnóstico
Os sinais que médicos procuram e os exames que confirmam
Tratamento e manejo
Remédios, cuidados de apoio e o que precisa acompanhar
Onde tratar no SUS
Hospitais de referência no Brasil e o protocolo oficial do SUS (PCDT)
🇧🇷 Atendimento SUS — Encefalite do Oeste do Nilo
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Outros ensaios clínicos
7 ensaios clínicos encontrados, 1 ativos.
Publicações mais relevantes
Clinical, Prognostic, and Longitudinal Functional and Neuropsychological Features of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common cause of arboviral disease in the United States. Approximately 1% of infections involve the nervous system, most commonly resulting in West Nile encephalitis (WNE), West Nile meningitis (WNM), or acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). In this systematic review, we characterized comprehensively the diagnostic and clinical features of WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) in the United States, as well as the evidence regarding prognostic factors and long-term outcomes of WNND. We identified 47 relevant studies reporting data on acute or longitudinal features of WNND. Across studies, the most common presenting symptoms were fever (88%), nausea/vomiting (58%), and fatigue (50%) coupled neurologically with headache (50%), altered mental status (39%), and focal weakness (32%). Pooled mortality was 9.2%, and 42.1% of reported cases required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In meta-analyses, chronic kidney disease (odds ratio [OR] = 5.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.71-13.23), diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.54-3.84), and hypertension (OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 2.39-6.72) were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Multidomain neurocognitive impairment was reported in several studies at post-hospitalization follow-up, although with marked heterogeneity between study methodology. Subjective neurocognitive impairment, most notably fatigue (37-75%), memory concerns (11-57%), concentration deficits (17-48%), and depression (17-38%), were also common at post-hospitalization follow-up. These findings underscore the significant mortality and morbidity of WNND in the acute and long-term setting. Our findings may additionally provide utility for risk stratification of hospitalized patients with WNND and suggest the need for further evaluation of novel therapeutics to prevent substantial disease-associated acute and long-term disability. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:93-106.
Serum protein electrophoretic profile changes in West Nile virus-naturally infected horses.
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is widely used to evaluate protein changes associated with several pathologies, aiming to assist clinical diagnosis. This study determines, for the first time, SPE profile changes in West Nile virus-naturally infected horses. Sixty horses with different clinical and infection status (encephalitis, asymptomatic infection, and immunologically naïve) were included. Total protein concentrations were determined via an automated biuret method and SPE was performed using a cellulose acetate membrane-based automated system. Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher total protein between both infected horse groups (encephalitis, asymptomatic) and naïve controls. Horses with encephalitis had higher globulin and α2-globulin levels than the other two groups (asymptomatic, naïve), along with lower albumin percentage and albumin-to-globulin ratio. Furthermore, γ-globulin levels were significantly higher in asymptomatically infected compared to control horses. These findings highlight the diagnostic value of SPE profile determination, assisting the clinicians, and providing the grounds for further research.
Variations in West Nile viral infections across North and Central Texas.
West Nile virus is a single-stranded RNA arbovirus with variable clinical presentation. To better understand the clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluation, and outcomes, we performed a retrospective analysis of the Baylor Scott & White Health medical records for hospitalized adult patients with West Nile virus from January 1, 2015, to September 1, 2024. A total of 79 patients were included. Most were male (55.7%) with a mean age of 64.15 years. The highest concentration of cases was reported in Dallas County (34.2%) and Tarrant County (22.8%). Seventy-three patients (92.4%) had neuroinvasive disease, while 6 patients (7.8%) had nonneuroinvasive disease. Presenting symptoms included fever (73.43%), confusion (49.59%), and weakness (40.51%). Six patients (7.6%) were found to have acute ischemic stroke during their admission. Fifteen patients (18.99%) died. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis generally showed elevated protein (mean value 104.7 mg/dL) with either neutrophilic (mean 32%) or lymphocytic pleocytosis (mean 51.6%). None of the treatments analyzed (intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, and steroids) was found to have any significant effect on morbidity and mortality. West Nile virus is a common recurring disease across Texas. While some cases progress to neuroinvasive disease, there appears to be no meaningful way to predict these cases based on clinical and demographic data.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and West Nile encephalitis in a patient with chronic kidney disease.
We describe a peculiar combination of West Nile virus (WNV) and SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting crucial clinical implications for diagnosis and management. We present a case of a 57-year-old woman with a past medical history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), on chronic hemodialysis, and arterial hypertension. She was admitted to the hospital for a 5-day history of fever, headache, vomiting, psychomotor slowing, a diffuse tremor on the four limbs, and diarrhea. Evaluation revealed the presence of neutrophilic leukocytosis, hemoglobin level of 10.5g/dL, elevated C-reactive protein (60 mg/L), serum creatinine of 13.4 mg/dL with hyperkaliemia. Neurologic examination described the following findings: neck stiffness, confusion with motor aphasia, bradylalia, bradypsychia, global hyperreflexia, diffuse tremor, and unstable gait. Brain CT described a calcified temporo-lateral meningioma, CSF examination revealed colorless appearing, 560 leucocytes/3microL (97% lymphocytes), 848 mg/L proteins, glycorrhachia: 54 mg/dL (serum glucose: 101 mg/dL), and the multiplex Real-Time PCR test result was negative. On the second day of admission, the patient tested positive for COVID-19 and she was commenced on therapy with remdesivir, ceftriaxone, dexamethasone, and clexane. Adequate hemodialysis sessions were performed. On the eighth day of admission, the diagnosis of WNV infection was made based on the positive serological findings and the presence of IgM antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid. After 15 days of hospitalization, the patient was discharged in good clinical condition, except for mild tremor in her limbs. Periodic epidemic bursts of WNV infection have been reported in Mures County, but present coinfection is rare; the severity and prognosis of the disease are unforeseeable.
Triple Nerve Transfer to Treat West Nile-Induced Neuropathy: A Novel Approach to a Complex Problem: A Case Report.
A 49-year-old woman with West Nile encephalitis presented with right arm paralysis and left arm weakness. After limited success with nonsurgical treatments, she underwent surgery involving 3 nerve transfers based on brachial plexus reconstruction techniques. This led to gradual improvement in arm movement and restoration of ADL's. Since treatment of the underlying disease may not be enough to restore nerve function, an algorithm incorporating brachial plexus principles may enhance treatment outcomes. Though this case study demonstrates success, we believe this technique deserves further exploration as a potential solution for neurovascular damage following West Nile infection.
Publicações recentes
Variations in West Nile viral infections across North and Central Texas.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and West Nile encephalitis in a patient with chronic kidney disease.
Triple Nerve Transfer to Treat West Nile-Induced Neuropathy: A Novel Approach to a Complex Problem: A Case Report.
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in an Immunocompetent Patient With West Nile Encephalitis.
West Nile neuroinvasive disease with poliomyelitis syndrome: A grave phenomenon.
📚 EuropePMC103 artigos no totalmostrando 73
Variations in West Nile viral infections across North and Central Texas.
Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and West Nile encephalitis in a patient with chronic kidney disease.
Journal of critical care medicine (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie din Targu-Mures)Triple Nerve Transfer to Treat West Nile-Induced Neuropathy: A Novel Approach to a Complex Problem: A Case Report.
JBJS case connectorSudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in an Immunocompetent Patient With West Nile Encephalitis.
Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngologyWest Nile neuroinvasive disease with poliomyelitis syndrome: A grave phenomenon.
SAGE open medical case reportsNeuropsychiatric lupus or West Nile encephalitis? Diagnostic dilemmas in two SLE patients and literature review.
Internal and emergency medicineNeuroinvasive West Nile Encephalitis Presenting With Seizures and Acute Flaccid Paralysis: A Case Report.
CureusClinical, Prognostic, and Longitudinal Functional and Neuropsychological Features of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Annals of neurologyA Rare Case of Viral Meningitis and Probable Metabolic Encephalopathy in a Renal Transplant Patient.
CureusPublic communication and outreach by mosquito programs in the United States.
PLOS global public healthSerum protein electrophoretic profile changes in West Nile virus-naturally infected horses.
Journal of equine veterinary scienceTeaching NeuroImage: "Panda Sign" in West Nile Encephalitis.
NeurologySevere West Nile Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in a Patient With Thymoma and Anti-Type I Interferon Antibodies.
The Journal of infectious diseasesA Case of West Nile Encephalitis: Neuroimaging Findings and Clinico-Radiological Mismatch.
CureusUbiquitin accumulation induced by the finger and palm sub-domains of NS5 modulates the replication of West Nile virus.
VirologyDetection of disease-associated microglia among various microglia phenotypes induced by West Nile virus infection in mice.
Journal of neurovirologyBilateral Upper Extremity Tremors in West Nile Encephalitis.
CureusThe WEST Study: A Retrospective and Multicentric Study on the Impact of Steroid Therapy in West Nile Encephalitis.
Open forum infectious diseasesWest Nile Neuroinvasive Disease Treated With High-Dose Corticosteroids.
CureusAn HIV patient with West Nile encephalitis and Amphiphysin antibodies - More on "West Nile infection triggering autoimmune encephalitis: Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications" by Moutsopoulos et al.
Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)A Potential Role for Substance P in West Nile Virus Neuropathogenesis.
VirusesMultiple Sclerosis in a Patient With Prior West Nile Encephalitis.
CureusSimple and field amenable loop-mediated isothermal amplification-lateral flow dipstick assay for detection of west Nile virus in human clinical samples.
Journal of applied microbiologyChanging Spectrum of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in India and a Syndromic Approach.
Annals of Indian Academy of NeurologyAcute Fever of Unknown Origin: A Presentation of West Nile Encephalitis.
WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of WisconsinComorbid conditions as risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study.
Epidemiology and infectionThe Lack of the Association of the CCR5 Genotype with the Clinical Presentation and Frequency of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in the Polish Population.
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)Insecticide Resistance in the West Nile Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis, Avian Malaria and Lymphatic Elephantiasis Vector, Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran.
Journal of arthropod-borne diseasesPrimary, secondary or less frequent causes of immune thrombocytopenia: A case report.
Experimental and therapeutic medicineUnusual Movement Disorders and Atypical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Findings in Patients with West Nile Encephalitis: Case Reports of 2 Patients with Evidence of Clinical and Imaging Resolution with IVIG.
The American journal of case reportsManagement of West Nile Encephalitis: An Uncommon Complication of West Nile Virus.
CureusCOVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel.
Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines[Elucidation of neuropathogenesis of West Nile Encephalitis].
UirusuThe Roles of Osteopontin in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Encephalitis.
VaccinesNew onset of Bell's palsy in a patient with West Nile Encephalitis.
Clinical case reportsThe Simulated Virology Clinic: A Standardized Patient Exercise for Preclinical Medical Students Supporting Basic and Clinical Science Integration.
MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resourcesIdentification and characterization of long noncoding RNAs and their association with acquisition of blood meal in Culex quinquefasciatus.
Insect scienceEpidemiology, management, and graft outcomes after West Nile virus encephalitis in kidney transplant recipients.
Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation SocietyBaseline Susceptibility of Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae) to Different Imagicides, in Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran.
Journal of arthropod-borne diseasesFatal case of West Nile encephalitis associated with acute anteroseptal ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): a case report.
The new microbiologicaMulti-Approach Investigation Regarding the West Nile Virus Situation in Hungary, 2018.
VirusesDevelopment of an Internally Controlled Reverse Transcription Recombinase-aided Amplification Assay for the Rapid and Visual Detection of West Nile Virus.
Biomedical and environmental sciences : BESEconomic Burden of West Nile Virus Disease, Quebec, Canada, 2012-2013.
Emerging infectious diseasesSpectrum of Movement Disorders in Patients With Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.
Movement disorders clinical practiceWest Nile encephalitis mimicking neuropsychiatric lupus in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.
BMJ case reportsWest Nile Virus Encephalitis in Haematological Setting: Report of Two Cases and a Brief Review of the Literature.
Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseasesCognitive behavioural impairment with irreversible sensorineural deafness as a complication of West Nile encephalitis.
Journal of neurovirologyPediatric West Nile Virus-Associated Neuroinvasive Disease: A Review of the Literature.
Pediatric neurologyWest Nile Encephalitis, an Unusual Infection in a Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patient.
Case reports in hematologyEffect of Serratia AS1 (Enterobacteriaceae: Enterobacteriales) on the Fitness of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) for Paratransgenic and RNAi Approaches.
Journal of medical entomologyOpsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Associated With West-Nile Virus Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature.
Frontiers in neurologyCo-circulation dynamics and persistence of newly introduced clades of 2012 outbreak associated West Nile Virus in Texas, 2012-2015.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseasesLethal disseminated dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor following West Nile virus: Report of a very unusual combination.
Radiology case reportsThe Dengue Virus Replication Complex: From RNA Replication to Protein-Protein Interactions to Evasion of Innate Immunity.
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyDoes intra-individual neurocognitive variability relate to neuroinvasive disease and quality of life in West Nile Virus?
Journal of neurovirology[Laboratory susceptibility tests of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora].
Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de SaludA Fatal Case of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection in an Immunocompromised Host.
Spartan medical research journalWest Nile Encephalitis in the Emergency Department: Prevalence and Recognition.
Journal of emergency nursingThe Importance of Haematological and Biochemical Findings in Patients with West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease.
Journal of medical biochemistryMosquito Biting Modulates Skin Response to Virus Infection.
Trends in parasitologyLipids and flaviviruses, present and future perspectives for the control of dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses.
Progress in lipid researchEmergence of Equine West Nile Encephalitis in Central Macedonia, Greece, 2010.
Transboundary and emerging diseasesA Case of West Nile Encephalitis That Develops into a Disease of Deep White Matter on MRI over a Two-Week Span.
Case reports in neurological medicineEpidemiological and clinical aspects on West Nile virus, a globally emerging pathogen.
Infectious diseases (London, England)Outcomes of West Nile encephalitis patients after 1 year of West Nile encephalitis outbreak in Kerala, India: A follow-up study.
Journal of medical virologyInhibition of West Nile Virus Multiplication in Cell Culture by Anti-Parkinsonian Drugs.
Frontiers in microbiologyManifestation of West Nile Encephalitis in Infancy.
Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases SocietyChikungunya fever - A new global threat.
Medicina clinica (English ed.)West Nile Encephalitis and Its Characteristics in Childhood.
Iranian journal of pediatricsEffects of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocyte subsets.
Multiple sclerosis and related disordersThree Cases of West Nile Encephalitis over an Eight-Day Period at a Downtown Los Angeles Community Hospital.
Case reports in infectious diseasesLong-term neurological outcomes in West Nile virus-infected patients: an observational study.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygieneThe first reported case of West Nile encephalitis in Korea.
Journal of Korean medical scienceAssociações
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Referências e fontes
Bases de dados externas citadas neste artigo
Publicações científicas
Artigos indexados no PubMed ligados a esta doença no grafo RarasNet — título, periódico e PMID direto da fonte, sem intermediação de IA.
- Clinical, Prognostic, and Longitudinal Functional and Neuropsychological Features of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Serum protein electrophoretic profile changes in West Nile virus-naturally infected horses.
- Variations in West Nile viral infections across North and Central Texas.
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and West Nile encephalitis in a patient with chronic kidney disease.Journal of critical care medicine (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie din Targu-Mures)· 2025· PMID 41208935mais citado
- Triple Nerve Transfer to Treat West Nile-Induced Neuropathy: A Novel Approach to a Complex Problem: A Case Report.
- Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in an Immunocompetent Patient With West Nile Encephalitis.
- West Nile neuroinvasive disease with poliomyelitis syndrome: A grave phenomenon.
Bases de dados e fontes oficiais
Identificadores e referências canônicas usadas para montar este verbete.
- ORPHA:83476(Orphanet)
- MONDO:0019376(MONDO)
- GARD:9959(GARD (NIH))
- Busca completa no PubMed(PubMed)
- Q18555063(Wikidata)
Dados compilados pelo RarasNet a partir de fontes abertas (Orphanet, OMIM, MONDO, PubMed/EuropePMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, DATASUS, PCDT/MS). Este conteúdo é informativo e não substitui avaliação médica.
Conteúdo mantido por Agente Raras · Médicos e pesquisadores podem colaborar
