Congenital radial head dislocation (CRHD) is a rare deformity of the upper extremity that may be sporadic or genetic in origin. While most of the cases are unilateral and asymptomatic, bilateral involvement is very rare. This condition may be related to genetic syndromes such as Ehlers-Danlos and Turner syndromes, or it may appear as an isolated anomaly. The current pathology is the deterioration of the anatomical relationship between the humerus and the head of the radius due to a developmental anomaly. In our study, we present a 71-year-old male patient who experienced elbow pain during daily activities for about 2 years. Our patient has no history of trauma. He has been able to move functionally independently throughout his life. Physical examination revealed flexion, supination, and pronation limitations in the range of motion of the elbow joint. Plain radiograph (X-ray) and three-dimensional-computed tomography imaging revealed bilateral anterior radius head dislocation, capitellum hypoplasia, ovoid radial head, long radial neck, and shallow trochlear incisura. This case shows that bilateral CRHD, which is extremely rare, can be managed with minimal symptoms and can be successfully managed with conservative treatment. Reporting similar cases will contribute to a better understanding of the natural history of this rare condition and the most appropriate treatment strategies.

Congenital luxation of the ulnar and radius is a rare orthopaedic condition in the dog. This case report describes a novel surgical treatment for congenital elbow luxation in a medium-breed dog. A 6-week-old Kelpie presented for left forelimb lameness and deformity. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) confirmed the diagnosis of unilateral ulnar and radius luxation. The surgical repair involved open reduction followed by fixation with an extraarticular pin and a transarticular external fixator. The outcome of surgery was improved leg function and weight-bearing, however, reluxation of the radial head was diagnosed 7 weeks following surgery. This technique may offer an alternative surgical option to improve clinical signs, as well as insight into improving the management of this condition.

Congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis is a rare genetic malformation of the upper limb. This deformity, which is found mainly in preschool-aged children, has no recognized diagnosis and treatment. Current diagnostic methods cannot effectively assess both bone structure and soft tissue abnormalities, and most surgical treatments introduce complications and do not prevent recurrence. More work is needed; therefore, to address the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. An 8-year-old male patient was hospitalized in our department. He reported deformity and limited motion in his right elbow for the past 2 years. He denied a traumatic or family history of bony malformation. The chief complaint at the time of the hospitalization was the limitation in forearm rotation. Digital radiography of the right elbow joint showed proximal radioulnar synostosis and a valgus deformity. A 3-dimensional computed tomography scan further showed proximal ulna and radius dysplasia as well as anterior dislocation of the radius head. The patient was diagnosed with congenital right proximal radioulnar synostosis. Surgical procedures included arthrolysis of the right proximal radioulnar joint, osteotomy of the proximal radius, internal fixation with Kirschner wires, and reconstruction of the annular ligament. The right elbow was immobilized in plaster in a flexion and supination position for 2 weeks. Recurrence of the right proximal radioulnar synostosis was observed during the 6-month follow-up, but the rotation function of the patient's forearm was significantly improved. The findings from this case suggest that we should carefully monitor all patients younger than 6 years old who report long-term issues with forearm rotation. This case also highlights the need to assess soft tissue and epiphysis abnormalities in addition to bone assessments via digital radiography and 3-dimensional computed tomography. We suggest that surgery should not be performed until the proximal radius epiphysis has closed. Not all cases require surgical treatment, but when surgery is needed, a suitable method should be selected according to the individual needs of the patient. Any surgery performed should treat both the bony malformations and soft tissue abnormalities to maximize the therapeutic effect and reduce complications during and after surgery.

We encountered a case of capitellum fracture with radial head dislocation in which it was challenging to diagnose whether the dislocation was coincident with the fracture or this was chronic dislocation that presented before the fracture. Chronic radial head dislocation may be congenital or could occur in patients with untreated post-traumatic dislocation, although diagnosis is particularly challenging if the radial head dislocation is unilateral. Classical capitellum fracture involves anterosuperior bone fragment dislocation. However, in the present case, the bone fragment was present beneath the radial head, which suggests chronic radial head dislocation. When the bone fragment appears in a different position than usual, every effort should be made to understand the pathophysiology by reviewing the mechanism of onset, disease history, and imaging.

Occupational ulnar neuropathy at the elbow joint develops in the course of long term direct pressure on the nerve and a persistently flexed elbow posture, but first of all, it is strongly associated with "holding a tool in a certain position" repetitively. Therefore, computer work only in exceptional cases can be considered as a risk factor for the neuropathy. Ulnar hypermobility at the elbow might be one of the risk factors in the development of occupational ulnar neuropathy; however, this issue still remains disputable. As this condition is mostly of congenital origin, an additional factor, such as a direct acute or chronic professional or non-professional trauma, is needed for clinical manifestations. We describe a patient - a computer user with a right ulnar nerve complete dislocation and left ulnar nerve hypermobility, unaware of her anomaly until symptoms of left ulnar neuropathy occurred in the course of job exposure. The patient was exposed to repetitive long lasting pressure of the left elbow and forearm on the hard support on the cupboard and desk because of a non-ergonomically designed workplace. The additional coexistent congenital abnormal displacement of the ulnar nerve from the postcondylar groove during flexion at the elbow increased the possibility of its mechanical injury. We recognized left ulnar neuropathy at the ulnar groove as an occupational disease. An early and accurate diagnosis of any form of hypermobility of ulnar nerve, informing patients about it, prevention of an ulnar nerve injury as well as compliance with ergonomic rules are essential to avoid development of occupational and non-occupational neuropathy.