Muscle assembly regulating factor. Mediates the antiparallel assembly of titin (TTN) molecules at the sarcomeric Z-disk

Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere

Cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic, 25

A hereditary heart disorder characterized by ventricular hypertrophy, which is usually asymmetric and often involves the interventricular septum. The symptoms include dyspnea, syncope, collapse, palpitations, and chest pain. They can be readily provoked by exercise. The disorder has inter- and intrafamilial variability ranging from benign to malignant forms with high risk of cardiac failure and sudden cardiac death.

Catalyzes the transfer of a ribitol-phosphate from CDP-ribitol to the distal N-acetylgalactosamine of the phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-4-(phosphate-6-)mannose), a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1) (PubMed:26923585, PubMed:27194101, PubMed:29477842). This constitutes the first step in the formation of the ribitol 5-phosphate tandem repeat which links the phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide to the ligan

Golgi apparatus membraneCytoplasmNucleus

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A4

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Participates in O-mannosyl glycosylation by catalyzing the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to O-linked mannose on glycoproteins (PubMed:11709191, PubMed:27493216, PubMed:28512129). Catalyzes the synthesis of the GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-Ser/Thr moiety on alpha-dystroglycan and other O-mannosylated proteins, providing the necessary basis for the addition of further carbohydrate moieties (PubMed:11709191, PubMed:27493216). Is specific for alpha linked terminal mannose and does not have MGAT3,

Golgi apparatus membrane

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A3

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, ocular abnormalities, cobblestone lissencephaly, and cerebellar and pontine hypoplasia. Patients present severe congenital myopia, congenital glaucoma, pallor of the optic disks, retinal hypoplasia, intellectual disability, hydrocephalus, abnormal electroencephalograms, generalized muscle weakness and myoclonic jerks. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix

Cell membrane, sarcolemmaCytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 6

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy initially affecting the proximal limb girdle musculature. Muscle from patients shows a complete loss of delta-sarcoglycan as well as of the others components of the sarcoglycan complex.

Catalytic subunit of the GMPPA-GMPPB mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase complex (PubMed:33986552). Catalyzes the formation of GDP-mannose, an essential precursor of glycan moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids (PubMed:33986552). Can catalyze the reverse reaction in vitro (PubMed:33986552). Together with GMPPA regulates GDP-alpha-D-mannose levels (PubMed:33986552)

Cytoplasm

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A14

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with brain anomalies, eye malformations, and profound intellectual disability. The disorder includes a severe form designated as Walker-Warburg syndrome and a less severe phenotype known as muscle-eye-brain disease. MDDGA14 features include increased muscle tone, microcephaly, cleft palate, feeding difficulties, severe muscle weakness, sensorineural hearing loss, cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia, and retinal dysfunction.

Protein O-mannose kinase that specifically mediates phosphorylation at the 6-position of an O-mannose of the trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-beta-1,4-mannose) to generate phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-1,4-(phosphate-6-)mannose). Phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide is a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like d

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A12

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Key component in the assembly and functioning of vertebrate striated muscles. By providing connections at the level of individual microfilaments, it contributes to the fine balance of forces between the two halves of the sarcomere. The size and extensibility of the cross-links are the main determinants of sarcomere extensibility properties of muscle. In non-muscle cells, seems to play a role in chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Might link the lamina network to ch

CytoplasmNucleus

Myopathy, myofibrillar, 9, with early respiratory failure

An autosomal dominant myopathy characterized by adulthood onset of weakness in proximal, distal, axial and respiratory muscles. Pelvic girdle weakness, foot drop and neck weakness are the main symptoms at onset, but ultimately the weakness usually involves the proximal compartment of both upper and lower limbs. Additional features include variable degrees of Achilles tendon contractures, spinal rigidity and muscle hypertrophy. Respiratory involvement often leads to requirement for non-invasive ventilation support.

Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix

Cell membrane, sarcolemmaCytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 5

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by rapidly progressive muscle wasting from early childhood with loss of independent ambulation around age 12 years, dystrophic pattern on muscle biopsy, absence of gamma-sarcoglycan and normal dystrophin immunostaining.

Transfers mannosyl residues to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues. Coexpression of both POMT1 and POMT2 is necessary for enzyme activity, expression of either POMT1 or POMT2 alone is insufficient (PubMed:14699049, PubMed:28512129). Essentially dedicated to O-mannosylation of alpha-DAG1 and few other proteins but not of cadherins and protocaherins (PubMed:28512129)

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A2

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Adapter protein in a cytoplasmic complex linking beta-integrins to the actin cytoskeleton, bridges the complex to cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases and growth factor receptors. Plays a role in modulating cell spreading and migration

NucleusCell junction, focal adhesionCell membrane

Muscular dystrophy, autosomal recessive, with cardiomyopathy and triangular tongue

An autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy characterized by childhood-onset of muscle weakness progressing to a severe quadriparesis. Additionally, patients have biventricular cardiac dysfunction due to dilated cardiomyopathy, and macroglossia with a small tip resulting in a triangular tongue.

Involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus trafficking at a very early stage

Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus, cis-Golgi network

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 18

A form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by proximal muscle weakness with childhood onset, resulting in gait abnormalities and scapular winging. Serum creatine kinase is increased. A subset of patients may show a hyperkinetic movement disorder with chorea, ataxia, or dystonia and global developmental delay.

The dystroglycan complex is involved in a number of signaling events and processes including laminin deposition and extracellular matrix assembly, acetylcholine receptor clustering, sarcolemmal stability, cell survival, peripheral nerve myelination, nodal structure, cell migration, epithelial polarization, and epithelium branching morphogenesis (By similarity). Required for the formation of photoreceptor ribbon synapses, and long-term maintenance of inhibitory synapses in cerebellar Purkinje cel

Secreted, extracellular spaceSecreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membraneSynapseCell membraneCytoplasm, cytoskeletonNucleus, nucleoplasmCell membrane, sarcolemmaPostsynaptic cell membrane

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy limb-girdle C9

An autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy showing onset in early childhood, and associated with intellectual disability without structural brain anomalies.

Dual specificity glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of glucose and xylose from UDP-glucose and UDP-xylose, respectively, to a serine residue found in the consensus sequence of C-X-S-X-P-C (PubMed:21081508, PubMed:21490058, PubMed:21949356, PubMed:27807076, PubMed:28775322). Specifically targets extracellular EGF repeats of protein such as CRB2, F7, F9 and NOTCH2 (PubMed:21081508, PubMed:21490058, PubMed:21949356, PubMed:27807076, PubMed:28775322). Acts as a positive regulator of Not

Endoplasmic reticulum lumen

Dowling-Degos disease 4

A form of Dowling-Degos disease, a genodermatosis manifesting with postpubertal reticulate hyperpigmentation that is progressive and disfiguring, and small hyperkeratotic dark brown papules that affect mainly the flexures and great skin folds. Patients usually show no abnormalities of the hair or nails. DDD4 is characterized by prominent involvement of non-flexural skin areas.

Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix

Cell membrane, sarcolemmaCytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 4

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by pelvic and shoulder muscle wasting, onset usually in childhood and variable progression rate.

Cytidylyltransferase required for protein O-linked mannosylation (PubMed:22522420, PubMed:22522421, PubMed:26687144, PubMed:26923585, PubMed:27130732, PubMed:27601598). Catalyzes the formation of CDP-ribitol nucleotide sugar from D-ribitol 5-phosphate (PubMed:26687144, PubMed:26923585, PubMed:27130732). CDP-ribitol is a substrate of FKTN during the biosynthesis of the phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-4-(phosphate-6-)mannose), a carboh

Cytoplasm, cytosol

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A7

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

O-linked mannose beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that transfers UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the 4-position of the mannose to generate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-beta-1,4-O-D-mannosylprotein. Involved in the biosynthesis of the phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-4-(phosphate-6-)mannose), a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular prote

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A8

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Plays a role in plasma membrane repair in a process involving annexins (PubMed:33496727). Does not exhibit calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) activity

Endoplasmic reticulum membraneCell membrane

Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia

Rare skeletal syndrome characterized by bone fragility, sclerosis of tubular bones, and cemento-osseous lesions of the jawbone. Patients experience frequent bone fractures caused by trivial accidents in childhood; however the fractures heal normally without bone deformity. The jaw lesions replace the tooth-bearing segments of the maxilla and mandible with fibrous connective tissues, including various amounts of cementum-like calcified mass, sometimes causing facial deformities. Patients also have a propensity for jaw infection and often suffer from purulent osteomyelitis-like symptoms, such as swelling of and pus discharge from the gums, mobility of the teeth, insufficient healing after tooth extraction and exposure of the lesions into the oral cavity.

Transfers mannosyl residues to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues. Coexpression of both POMT1 and POMT2 is necessary for enzyme activity, expression of either POMT1 or POMT2 alone is insufficient (PubMed:12369018, PubMed:14699049, PubMed:28512129). Essentially dedicated to O-mannosylation of alpha-DAG1 and few other proteins but not of cadherins and protocaherins (PubMed:28512129)

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with impaired intellectual development B1

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with intellectual disability and mild structural brain abnormalities.

Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease. Proteolytically cleaves CTBP1 at 'His-409'. Mediates, with UTP25, the proteasome-independent degradation of p53/TP53 (PubMed:23357851, PubMed:27657329)

CytoplasmNucleus, nucleolus

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 1

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by progressive symmetrical atrophy and weakness of the proximal limb muscles and elevated serum creatine kinase. The symptoms usually begin during the first two decades of life, and the disease gradually worsens, often resulting in loss of walking ability 10 or 20 years after onset.

Key calcium ion sensor involved in the Ca(2+)-triggered synaptic vesicle-plasma membrane fusion. Plays a role in the sarcolemma repair mechanism of both skeletal muscle and cardiomyocytes that permits rapid resealing of membranes disrupted by mechanical stress (By similarity)

Cell membrane, sarcolemmaCytoplasmic vesicle membraneCell membraneLate endosome membrane

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 2

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by weakness and atrophy starting in the proximal pelvifemoral muscles, with onset in the late teens or later, massive elevation of serum creatine kinase levels and slow progression. Scapular muscle involvement is minor and not present at onset. Upper limb girdle involvement follows some years after the onset in lower limbs.

Catalyzes the conversion of (3S)-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids, thus plays a critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:21357570, PubMed:2991281, PubMed:36745799, PubMed:6995544). HMGCR is the main target of statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs (PubMed:11349148, PubMed:18540668, PubMed:36745799)

Endoplasmic reticulum membranePeroxisome membrane

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 28

An autosomal recessive form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, a group of genetically heterogeneous muscular disorders that share proximal muscle weakness as the major attribute. Most limb girdle muscular dystrophies present with elevated creatinine kinase and myopathic electromyographic features. Disease is usually progressive to a variable degree, ranging from minor disability to complete inability to ambulate, and can involve the large proximal muscles, as well as axial and facial muscles. Different disease forms may exhibit skeletal muscle hypertrophy, kyphoscoliosis, and contractures or involve other muscle groups and manifest with distal weakness, cardiomyopathy, dysphagia, and respiratory difficulties. LGMDR28 is characterized by progressive muscle weakness affecting the proximal and axial muscles of the upper and lower limbs, and highly variable age at onset. Most patients have limited ambulation or become wheelchair-bound within a few decades, and respiratory insufficiency commonly occurs.

Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components

Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane

Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy 1A

Characterized by difficulty walking, hypotonia, proximal weakness, hyporeflexia, and white matter hypodensity on MRI.

May play a role in the maintenance of heart function mediated, at least in part, through cAMP-binding. May play a role in the regulation of KCNK2/TREK-1-mediated current amplitude (PubMed:31610034)

Membrane

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 26

An autosomal recessive muscular disorder characterized by adult onset of weakness and atrophy of proximal limb muscles, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and dystrophic findings on muscle biopsy. There is no cardiac or respiratory involvement.

Cell adhesion molecule involved in the establishment and/or maintenance of cell integrity. Involved in the formation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier in epithelial cells (PubMed:16188940). Plays a role in VAMP3-mediated vesicular transport and recycling of different receptor molecules through its interaction with VAMP3. Plays a role in the regulation of cell shape and movement by modulating the Rho-family GTPase activity through its interaction with ARH

Lateral cell membraneCell junction, tight junctionMembraneCell membrane, sarcolemmaMembrane, caveola

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 25

An autosomal recessive muscular disorder characterized by slowly progressive onset of proximal lower limb weakness in adulthood, syncopal episodes, and markedly increased serum creatine kinase, which can increase further after strenuous exercise.

Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix

Cell membrane, sarcolemmaCytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 3

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by progressive muscle wasting from early childhood with loss of independent ambulation by teenage years. Muscle biopsy shows necrosis, decreased immunostaining for alpha sarcoglycan, and adhalin deficiency.

Putative Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling. Involved in limb development (By similarity)

Membrane

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 27

An autosomal recessive muscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness most prominent in the proximal lower limb and axial muscles, and resulting in walking difficulty or loss of ambulation. Additional more variable features include neck muscle weakness, scoliosis, and joint contractures. Some affected individuals manifest impaired intellectual development or speech delay, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia. Muscle biopsy shows non-specific dystrophic changes.

Required for nuclear membrane integrity. Induces TOR1A and TOR1B ATPase activity and is required for their location on the nuclear membrane. Binds to A- and B-type lamins. Possible role in membrane attachment and assembly of the nuclear lamina

Nucleus inner membraneNucleus envelopeNucleus

Myopathy, autosomal recessive, with rigid spine and distal joint contractures

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by muscle weakness initially involving the proximal lower limbs, followed by distal upper and lower limb muscle weakness and atrophy. Other features include joint contractures, rigid spine, and restricted pulmonary function. Cardiac involvement has been observed in some patients. Disease onset is in the first or second decades of life.

Catalyzes the transfer of a ribitol 5-phosphate from CDP-L-ribitol to the ribitol 5-phosphate previously attached by FKTN/fukutin to the phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-4-(phosphate-6-)mannose), a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1) (PubMed:26923585, PubMed:27194101, PubMed:29477842, PubMed:31949166). This constitutes the second step in the formation of the ribose 5-phosphate tandem repeat which links the phos

Golgi apparatus membraneSecretedCell membrane, sarcolemmaRough endoplasmic reticulumCytoplasm

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A5

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a role in various biological processes including neural stem cell differentiation, innate immunity, inflammatory resonse and autophagy (PubMed:19349376, PubMed:31123703). Plays a role in virus-triggered induction of IFN-beta and TNF by mediating the ubiquitination of STING1. Mechanistically, targets STING1 for 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination which promotes the interaction of STING1 with TBK1 (PubMed:22745133). Regulates bacterial clearance and promotes autophagy in

CytoplasmMitochondrionEndoplasmic reticulum

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 8

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle and quadriceps muscle weakness. Clinical phenotype and severity are highly variable. Disease progression is slow and most patients remain ambulatory into the sixth decade of life.

Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs

NucleusCytoplasm

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 29

An autosomal recessive form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, a group of genetically heterogeneous muscular disorders that share proximal muscle weakness as the major attribute. Most limb girdle muscular dystrophies present with elevated creatinine kinase and myopathic electromyographic features. Disease is usually progressive to a variable degree, ranging from minor disability to complete inability to ambulate, and can involve the large proximal muscles, as well as axial and facial muscles. Different disease forms may exhibit skeletal muscle hypertrophy, kyphoscoliosis, and contractures or involve other muscle groups and manifest with distal weakness, cardiomyopathy, dysphagia, and respiratory difficulties. LGMDR29 is characterized by muscle weakness predominantly affecting the proximal lower limbs, although upper limb involvement also occurs. Additional features include joint contractures, spinal abnormalities, and significant restrictive ventilatory dysfunction. In rare cases, central nervous system involvement has been reported, including cataracts, developmental delay, and brain imaging abnormalities.

Interlinks intermediate filaments with microtubules and microfilaments and anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. Could also bind muscle proteins such as actin to membrane complexes in muscle. May be involved not only in the filaments network, but also in the regulation of their dynamics. Structural component of muscle. Isoform 9 plays a major role in the maintenance of myofiber integrity

Cytoplasm, cytoskeletonCell junction, hemidesmosomeCell projection, podosome

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5C, with pyloric atresia

A form of epidermolysis bullosa, a genodermatosis characterized by recurrent blistering, fragility of the skin and mucosal epithelia, and erosions caused by minor mechanical trauma. EBS5C is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe skin blistering at birth and congenital pyloric atresia. Death usually occurs in infancy.