Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A7

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal dominant 2

An autosomal dominant myopathy characterized by proximal muscle weakness primarily affecting the lower limbs, but also affecting the upper limbs in most patients. Affected individuals also have distal muscle weakness of the hands and lower leg muscles. The disease has generally a benign clinical course but some individuals with childhood or juvenile onset manifest severe widespread myopathy, leading to wheelchair dependency and respiratory insufficiency. Muscle biopsy shows dystrophic changes with abnormal nuclei, rimmed vacuoles, and filamentous inclusions.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A4

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A2

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A3

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, ocular abnormalities, cobblestone lissencephaly, and cerebellar and pontine hypoplasia. Patients present severe congenital myopia, congenital glaucoma, pallor of the optic disks, retinal hypoplasia, intellectual disability, hydrocephalus, abnormal electroencephalograms, generalized muscle weakness and myoclonic jerks. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 27

An autosomal recessive muscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness most prominent in the proximal lower limb and axial muscles, and resulting in walking difficulty or loss of ambulation. Additional more variable features include neck muscle weakness, scoliosis, and joint contractures. Some affected individuals manifest impaired intellectual development or speech delay, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia. Muscle biopsy shows non-specific dystrophic changes.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 4

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by pelvic and shoulder muscle wasting, onset usually in childhood and variable progression rate.

Oculopharyngodistal myopathy 1

A form of oculopharyngodistal myopathy, a muscle disorder characterized by progressive ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and weakness of the masseter, facial, pharyngeal, and distal limb muscles. The myopathological features are presence of rimmed vacuoles in the muscle fibers and myopathic changes of differing severity. OPDM1 inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant.

Cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic, 1

A hereditary heart disorder characterized by ventricular hypertrophy, which is usually asymmetric and often involves the interventricular septum. The symptoms include dyspnea, syncope, collapse, palpitations, and chest pain. They can be readily provoked by exercise. The disorder has inter- and intrafamilial variability ranging from benign to malignant forms with high risk of cardiac failure and sudden cardiac death.

Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive, 8

A form of spinocerebellar ataxia, a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of cerebellar disorders. Patients show progressive incoordination of gait and often poor coordination of hands, speech and eye movements, due to degeneration of the cerebellum with variable involvement of the brainstem and spinal cord. SCAR8 is an autosomal recessive form.

Myopathy, myofibrillar, 3

A form of myofibrillar myopathy, a group of chronic neuromuscular disorders characterized at ultrastructural level by disintegration of the sarcomeric Z disk and myofibrils, and replacement of the normal myofibrillar markings by small dense granules, or larger hyaline masses, or amorphous material. MFM3 is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness greater distally than proximally, tight heel cords, hyporeflexia, cardiomyopathy and peripheral neuropathy in some patients. Affected muscle exhibits disorganization and streaming of the Z-line, presence of large hyaline structures, excessive accumulation of myotilin and other ectopically expressed proteins and prominent congophilic deposits.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 8

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle and quadriceps muscle weakness. Clinical phenotype and severity are highly variable. Disease progression is slow and most patients remain ambulatory into the sixth decade of life.

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5C, with pyloric atresia

A form of epidermolysis bullosa, a genodermatosis characterized by recurrent blistering, fragility of the skin and mucosal epithelia, and erosions caused by minor mechanical trauma. EBS5C is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe skin blistering at birth and congenital pyloric atresia. Death usually occurs in infancy.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 5

A congenital heart disease characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the right ventricle and loss of myocardial cells, resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.

Cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic, 25

A hereditary heart disorder characterized by ventricular hypertrophy, which is usually asymmetric and often involves the interventricular septum. The symptoms include dyspnea, syncope, collapse, palpitations, and chest pain. They can be readily provoked by exercise. The disorder has inter- and intrafamilial variability ranging from benign to malignant forms with high risk of cardiac failure and sudden cardiac death.

Fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 1

A congenital ocular motility disorder marked by restrictive ophthalmoplegia affecting extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor and/or trochlear nerves. It is clinically characterized by anchoring of the eyes in downward gaze, ptosis, and backward tilt of the head. Patients affected by congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 1 show an absence of the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) and corresponding oculomotor subnuclei.

Fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 3A

A congenital ocular motility disorder marked by restrictive ophthalmoplegia affecting extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor and/or trochlear nerves. It is clinically characterized by anchoring of the eyes in downward gaze, ptosis, and backward tilt of the head. Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3 presents as a non-progressive, autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression. Patients may be bilaterally or unilaterally affected, and their oculo-motility defects range from complete ophthalmoplegia (with the eyes fixed in a hypo- and exotropic position), to mild asymptomatic restrictions of ocular movement. Ptosis, refractive error, amblyopia, and compensatory head positions are associated with the more severe forms of the disorder. In some cases, the ocular phenotype is accompanied by additional features including developmental delay, corpus callosum agenesis, basal ganglia dysmorphism, facial weakness, polyneuropathy.

Myopathy, autosomal recessive, with rigid spine and distal joint contractures

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by muscle weakness initially involving the proximal lower limbs, followed by distal upper and lower limb muscle weakness and atrophy. Other features include joint contractures, rigid spine, and restricted pulmonary function. Cardiac involvement has been observed in some patients. Disease onset is in the first or second decades of life.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 28

An autosomal recessive form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, a group of genetically heterogeneous muscular disorders that share proximal muscle weakness as the major attribute. Most limb girdle muscular dystrophies present with elevated creatinine kinase and myopathic electromyographic features. Disease is usually progressive to a variable degree, ranging from minor disability to complete inability to ambulate, and can involve the large proximal muscles, as well as axial and facial muscles. Different disease forms may exhibit skeletal muscle hypertrophy, kyphoscoliosis, and contractures or involve other muscle groups and manifest with distal weakness, cardiomyopathy, dysphagia, and respiratory difficulties. LGMDR28 is characterized by progressive muscle weakness affecting the proximal and axial muscles of the upper and lower limbs, and highly variable age at onset. Most patients have limited ambulation or become wheelchair-bound within a few decades, and respiratory insufficiency commonly occurs.

Oculopharyngodistal myopathy 4

A form of oculopharyngodistal myopathy, a muscle disorder characterized by progressive ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and weakness of the masseter, facial, pharyngeal, and distal limb muscles. The myopathological features are presence of rimmed vacuoles in the muscle fibers and myopathic changes of differing severity. OPDM4 is an autosomal dominant form characterized by slow progression and onset of symptoms in the second or third decades.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with impaired intellectual development B1

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with intellectual disability and mild structural brain abnormalities.

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 6, X-linked

A form of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, a degenerative myopathy characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system, early contractures of the elbows, Achilles tendons and spine, and cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac conduction defects.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A12

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 2

A congenital ocular motility disorder marked by restrictive ophthalmoplegia affecting extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor and/or trochlear nerves. It is clinically characterized by anchoring of the eyes in downward gaze, ptosis, and backward tilt of the head. Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 2 may result from the defective development of the oculomotor (nIII), trochlear (nIV) and abducens (nVI) cranial nerve nuclei.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal dominant 3

An autosomal dominant degenerative myopathy characterized by slowly progressive wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the pelvic or shoulder girdles, elevated creatine kinase levels and dystrophic features on muscle biopsy. LGMDD3 is characterized by a mild late-onset and is associated with progressive fingers and toes flexion limitation. Affected individuals may also develop cataracts before age 50.

Dowling-Degos disease 4

A form of Dowling-Degos disease, a genodermatosis manifesting with postpubertal reticulate hyperpigmentation that is progressive and disfiguring, and small hyperkeratotic dark brown papules that affect mainly the flexures and great skin folds. Patients usually show no abnormalities of the hair or nails. DDD4 is characterized by prominent involvement of non-flexural skin areas.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 25

An autosomal recessive muscular disorder characterized by slowly progressive onset of proximal lower limb weakness in adulthood, syncopal episodes, and markedly increased serum creatine kinase, which can increase further after strenuous exercise.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 26

An autosomal recessive muscular disorder characterized by adult onset of weakness and atrophy of proximal limb muscles, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and dystrophic findings on muscle biopsy. There is no cardiac or respiratory involvement.

Inclusion body myopathy with early-onset Paget disease with or without frontotemporal dementia 2

An autosomal dominant disease characterized by disabling muscle weakness clinically resembling to limb girdle muscular dystrophy, osteolytic bone lesions consistent with Paget disease, and premature frontotemporal dementia. Clinical features show incomplete penetrance.

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 1

An autosomal dominant, late-onset, slowly progressive myopathy characterized by eyelid ptosis, dysphagia and, sometimes by other cranial and limb-muscle involvement.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 3

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by progressive muscle wasting from early childhood with loss of independent ambulation by teenage years. Muscle biopsy shows necrosis, decreased immunostaining for alpha sarcoglycan, and adhalin deficiency.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 6

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy initially affecting the proximal limb girdle musculature. Muscle from patients shows a complete loss of delta-sarcoglycan as well as of the others components of the sarcoglycan complex.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A14

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with brain anomalies, eye malformations, and profound intellectual disability. The disorder includes a severe form designated as Walker-Warburg syndrome and a less severe phenotype known as muscle-eye-brain disease. MDDGA14 features include increased muscle tone, microcephaly, cleft palate, feeding difficulties, severe muscle weakness, sensorineural hearing loss, cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia, and retinal dysfunction.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease

An autosomal dominant, slowly progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by eosinophilic hyaline intranuclear inclusions in the central and peripheral nervous system, and also in the visceral organs. Clinical manifestations are variable and include pyramidal and extrapyramidal symptoms, cerebellar ataxia, cognitive decline and dementia, peripheral neuropathy, and autonomic dysfunction.

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2, autosomal dominant

A form of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, a degenerative myopathy characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system, early contractures of the elbows, Achilles tendons and spine, and cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac conduction defects.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 29

An autosomal recessive form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, a group of genetically heterogeneous muscular disorders that share proximal muscle weakness as the major attribute. Most limb girdle muscular dystrophies present with elevated creatinine kinase and myopathic electromyographic features. Disease is usually progressive to a variable degree, ranging from minor disability to complete inability to ambulate, and can involve the large proximal muscles, as well as axial and facial muscles. Different disease forms may exhibit skeletal muscle hypertrophy, kyphoscoliosis, and contractures or involve other muscle groups and manifest with distal weakness, cardiomyopathy, dysphagia, and respiratory difficulties. LGMDR29 is characterized by muscle weakness predominantly affecting the proximal lower limbs, although upper limb involvement also occurs. Additional features include joint contractures, spinal abnormalities, and significant restrictive ventilatory dysfunction. In rare cases, central nervous system involvement has been reported, including cataracts, developmental delay, and brain imaging abnormalities.

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1, X-linked

A form of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, a degenerative myopathy characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system, early contractures of the elbows, Achilles tendons and spine, and cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac conduction defects.

Oculopharyngodistal myopathy 2

A form of oculopharyngodistal myopathy, a muscle disorder characterized by progressive ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and weakness of the masseter, facial, pharyngeal, and distal limb muscles. The myopathological features are presence of rimmed vacuoles in the muscle fibers and myopathic changes of differing severity. OPDM2 inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 18

A form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by proximal muscle weakness with childhood onset, resulting in gait abnormalities and scapular winging. Serum creatine kinase is increased. A subset of patients may show a hyperkinetic movement disorder with chorea, ataxia, or dystonia and global developmental delay.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 5

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by rapidly progressive muscle wasting from early childhood with loss of independent ambulation around age 12 years, dystrophic pattern on muscle biopsy, absence of gamma-sarcoglycan and normal dystrophin immunostaining.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A8

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with cobblestone lissencephaly and other brain anomalies, eye malformations, profound intellectual disability, and death usually in the first years of life. Included diseases are the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease.

Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy 1A

Characterized by difficulty walking, hypotonia, proximal weakness, hyporeflexia, and white matter hypodensity on MRI.

Myopathy, myofibrillar, 9, with early respiratory failure

An autosomal dominant myopathy characterized by adulthood onset of weakness in proximal, distal, axial and respiratory muscles. Pelvic girdle weakness, foot drop and neck weakness are the main symptoms at onset, but ultimately the weakness usually involves the proximal compartment of both upper and lower limbs. Additional features include variable degrees of Achilles tendon contractures, spinal rigidity and muscle hypertrophy. Respiratory involvement often leads to requirement for non-invasive ventilation support.

Dystrophia myotonica 2

A multisystem disease characterized by the association of proximal muscle weakness with myotonia, cardiac manifestations and cataract. Additional features can include hyperhidrosis, testicular atrophy, insulin resistance and diabetes and central nervous system anomalies in rare cases.

Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy 2

A form of Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, a disease characterized by generalized muscle weakness and striking hypermobility of distal joints in conjunction with variable contractures of more proximal joints and normal intelligence. Additional findings may include kyphoscoliosis, protruded calcanei, and follicular hyperkeratosis (rough skin). More severely affected patients manifest at birth and never achieve independent ambulation, while patients with milder phenotypes might maintain ambulation into adulthood. UCMD2 is a severe, autosomal recessive form with onset at birth.

Congenital bile acid synthesis defect 5

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, hepatic fibrosis, progressive liver failure, and accumulation of peroxisomal C27-bile acid intermediates in plasma.

Fibrosis of extraocular muscles, congenital, 5

An ocular motility disorder characterized by congenital dysinnervation of various cranial nerves to ocular muscles. Clinical features are ophthalmoplegia, anchoring of the eyes in downward gaze, ptosis, and backward tilt of the head.

Bethlem myopathy 1C

A form of Bethlem myopathy, a slowly progressive muscular dystrophy characterized by joint contractures, most frequently affecting the elbows and ankles, and muscle weakness and wasting involving the proximal and extensor muscles more than the distal and flexor ones. The clinical onset more often occurs in childhood or adulthood, but it can be prenatal with decreased fetal movements or neonatal with hypotonia. The hallmark of Bethlem myopathy is long finger flexion contractures. BTHLM1C inheritance is autosomal dominant.

Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome 1

A rare disorder characterized by a variable immunodeficiency resulting in recurrent infections, facial anomalies, and branching of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. Other variable symptoms include growth retardation, failure to thrive, and psychomotor retardation. Laboratory studies show limited hypomethylation of DNA in a small fraction of the genome in some, but not all, patients.

Bethlem myopathy 1A

A form of Bethlem myopathy, a slowly progressive muscular dystrophy characterized by joint contractures, most frequently affecting the elbows and ankles, and muscle weakness and wasting involving the proximal and extensor muscles more than the distal and flexor ones. The clinical onset more often occurs in childhood or adulthood, but it can be prenatal with decreased fetal movements or neonatal with hypotonia. The hallmark of Bethlem myopathy is long finger flexion contractures. Inheritance can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.

Bethlem myopathy 1B

A form of Bethlem myopathy, a slowly progressive muscular dystrophy characterized by joint contractures, most frequently affecting the elbows and ankles, and muscle weakness and wasting involving the proximal and extensor muscles more than the distal and flexor ones. The clinical onset more often occurs in childhood or adulthood, but it can be prenatal with decreased fetal movements or neonatal with hypotonia. The hallmark of Bethlem myopathy is long finger flexion contractures. Inheritance can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 1

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by progressive symmetrical atrophy and weakness of the proximal limb muscles and elevated serum creatine kinase. The symptoms usually begin during the first two decades of life, and the disease gradually worsens, often resulting in loss of walking ability 10 or 20 years after onset.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Most common form of muscular dystrophy; a sex-linked recessive disorder. It typically presents in boys aged 3 to 7 year as proximal muscle weakness causing waddling gait, toe-walking, lordosis, frequent falls, and difficulty in standing up and climbing up stairs. The pelvic girdle is affected first, then the shoulder girdle. Progression is steady and most patients are confined to a wheelchair by age of 10 or 12. Flexion contractures and scoliosis ultimately occur. About 50% of patients have a lower IQ than their genetic expectations would suggest. There is no treatment.

Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 2

An autosomal recessive degenerative myopathy characterized by weakness and atrophy starting in the proximal pelvifemoral muscles, with onset in the late teens or later, massive elevation of serum creatine kinase levels and slow progression. Scapular muscle involvement is minor and not present at onset. Upper limb girdle involvement follows some years after the onset in lower limbs.

Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia

Rare skeletal syndrome characterized by bone fragility, sclerosis of tubular bones, and cemento-osseous lesions of the jawbone. Patients experience frequent bone fractures caused by trivial accidents in childhood; however the fractures heal normally without bone deformity. The jaw lesions replace the tooth-bearing segments of the maxilla and mandible with fibrous connective tissues, including various amounts of cementum-like calcified mass, sometimes causing facial deformities. Patients also have a propensity for jaw infection and often suffer from purulent osteomyelitis-like symptoms, such as swelling of and pus discharge from the gums, mobility of the teeth, insufficient healing after tooth extraction and exposure of the lesions into the oral cavity.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy limb-girdle C9

An autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy showing onset in early childhood, and associated with intellectual disability without structural brain anomalies.

Dystrophia myotonica 1

A muscular disorder characterized by myotonia, muscle wasting in the distal extremities, cataract, hypogonadism, defective endocrine functions, male baldness and cardiac arrhythmias.