Pink disease was once a widespread phenomenon, known to physicians throughout the Western world. Its prevalence declined massively once the source, mercury, was identified in several products. In modern medicine, pink disease rarely forms a differential and is known only to few physicians, despite the long-term effects of this illness. This report details a case of a man who suffered from pink disease as a child following his mother applying teething powder containing inorganic mercury to his gums for 12 weeks, from the age of 6 months. He received no treatment at the time. Throughout his lifetime, however, the man (in his 70s) has been diagnosed as infertile, and with bronchiectasis, despite a lack of convincing history to suggest an aetiology. The cause of these pathologies remains elusive, either organically occurring or components of Young's syndrome.

Young syndrome, also named sinusitis-infertility syndrome, is named after urologist Dr. Donald Young who first observed this condition. It is a rare inherited syndrome similar to Kartagener syndrome and often presents in middle-aged men with chronic rhinosinusitis, reduced fertility due to azoospermia, and bronchiectasis. Its prevalence is comparable to Klinefelter syndrome and is one of the causes of both chronic sinopulmonary infections and azoospermia. Spermatogenesis is normal, and the reduced fertility is due to obstruction of sperm transport down the genital tract. Individuals born with this disorder have normally functioning lungs but tend to produce thick, viscous mucus, which also traps sperms in epididymis affecting their movement. The azoospermia is due to functional obstruction of sperm transportation down the epididymis.

Young's syndrome (YS) is a rare, inherited syndrome commonly seen in middle-aged men with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, decreased fertility due to azoospermia, and bronchiectasis. In this paper, we present a case of YS of unknown cause together with a literature review. A 28-year-old male patient with the complaints of cough, sputum, recurrent nasal congestion, and shortness of breath lasting for more than ten years, was admitted to our clinic after bronchiectasis was observed in the thoracic computed tomography. An accurate diagnosis of YS is usually made late, which reduces patients' quality of life and leads to chronic respiratory problems. Failure to diagnose this disease may expose the patient to unnecessary and repeated hospitalizations and examinations, and result in treatment failure.

To determine whether there was a significant impact on using cryopreservation of testicular or epididymal sperm upon the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA). Systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 retrospective studies in databases from January 1, 1995, to June 1, 2020. Twenty articles were included in this study. A total of 3602 (64.1%) of 5616 oocytes injected with fresh epididymal sperm were fertilized, compared with 2366 (61.2%) of 3862 oocytes injected with cryopreserved sperm (relative risk ratio (RR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.90, 1.02), P > 0.05). A total of 303 (44.1%) of 687 ICSI cycles using fresh epididymal sperm resulted in a clinical pregnancy, compared with 150 (36.6%) of 410 ICSI cycles using cryopreserved epididymal sperm (RR 0.84, 95% CI (0.72, 0.97), P < 0.05). In the testis, a total of 2147 (68.7%) of 3125 oocytes injected with fresh sperm were fertilized, compared with 1623 (63.5%) of 2557 oocytes injected with cryopreserved sperm (RR 0.97, 95% CI (0.90, 1.06), P > 0.05). A total of 151 (47.8%) of 316 ICSI cycles using fresh testicular sperm resulted in a clinical pregnancy, compared with 113 (38.2%) of 296 ICSI cycles using cryopreserved sperm (RR 0.87, 95% CI (0.72, 1.05), P > 0.05). In men with OA, there was a statistical lower clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) by using frozen epididymal sperm compared with fresh epididymal sperm, but showing no difference on fertilization rate (FR). Additionally, FR and CPR were not affected by whether the retrieved testicular sperm was frozen or fresh.