Functions both as NADH oxidoreductase and as regulator of apoptosis (PubMed:17094969, PubMed:20362274, PubMed:23217327, PubMed:33168626). In response to apoptotic stimuli, it is released from the mitochondrion intermembrane space into the cytosol and to the nucleus, where it functions as a proapoptotic factor in a caspase-independent pathway (PubMed:20362274). Release into the cytoplasm is mediated upon binding to poly-ADP-ribose chains (By similarity). The soluble form (AIFsol) found in the nuc

Mitochondrion intermembrane spaceMitochondrion inner membraneCytoplasmNucleusCytoplasm, perinuclear regionMitochondrionCytoplasm, cytosol

Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 6

A mitochondrial disease resulting in a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by psychomotor delay, hypotonia, areflexia, muscle weakness and wasting. Some patients manifest prenatal ventriculomegaly and severe postnatal encephalomyopathy.

Has very low kinase activity in vitro and is unlikely to function as a tyrosine kinase in vivo (PubMed:25029443). Receptor for ligand WNT5A which activate downstream NFkB signaling pathway and may result in the inhibition of WNT3A-mediated signaling (PubMed:25029443, PubMed:27162350). In inner ear, crucial for spiral ganglion neurons to innervate auditory hair cells (PubMed:27162350). Via IGFBP5 ligand, forms a complex with ERBB2 to enhance CREB oncogenic signaling (PubMed:36949068)

MembraneCell projection, axon

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 108

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Required for postnatal maturation of the hair bundle and long-term survival of hair cells and spiral ganglion

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 15

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss with prelingual onset. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Adapter protein, which is found in various multiprotein chromatin complexes with histone acetyltransferase activity (HAT), which gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation. Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is responsible for acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. Plays a central role in MYC transcription activation, and also participates in cell transformation by MYC. Required for p53/TP53-, E2F1- and E2F4-mediated transcription activation.

Nucleus

Pore-forming subunit of the mechanotransducer (MET) non-selective cation channel complex located at the tips of stereocilia of cochlear hair cells and that mediates sensory transduction in the auditory system (By similarity). The MET complex is composed of two dimeric pore-forming ion-conducting transmembrane TMC (TMC1 or TMC2) subunits, and aided by several auxiliary proteins including LHFPL5, TMIE, CIB2/3 and TOMT, and the tip-link PCDH15 (By similarity). MET channel is activated by tension in

Cell membrane

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 36

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. DFNA36 is a bilateral hearing loss, and begins at 5-10 years of age. It progresses to profound deafness within 10-15 years.

May serve as a scaffold protein for MADD and RAB3GA on synaptic vesicles (PubMed:11809763). Plays a role in the brain as a key controller of neuronal and endocrine homeostatic processes (By similarity)

Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle membraneCytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, neuronal dense core vesicle

Polyendocrine-polyneuropathy syndrome

A progressive endocrine and neurodevelopmental disorder manifesting early in childhood with growth retardation and recurrent episodes of profound asymptomatic hypoglycemia. PEPNS is characterized by central hypothyroidism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, incomplete puberty, progressive non-autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, peripheral demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy, and cerebellar and pyramidal signs.

RNA-binding protein implicated in numerous RNA metabolic processes (PubMed:29967381, PubMed:39019044). Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of single-stranded polyribonucleotides processively in the 3'-to-5' direction (PubMed:29967381, PubMed:39019044). Mitochondrial intermembrane factor with RNA-processing exoribonulease activity (PubMed:29967381, PubMed:39019044). Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in

CytoplasmMitochondrion matrixMitochondrion intermembrane space

Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 13

A mitochondrial disorder characterized by early onset severe encephalomyopathy, dystonia, choreoathetosis, bucofacial dyskinesias and combined mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency. Nerve conductions velocities are decreased. Levels of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid lactate are increased.

Protein that plays a role in the inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (PubMed:25557784). May be involved in neuronal migration during development of the cerebral neocortex (By similarity). Involved in the control of ciliogenesis and ciliary length (PubMed:25601850, PubMed:27319779)

Cell projection, ciliumCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium axonemeCell projection, kinociliumCytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Dyslexia 2

A relatively common, complex cognitive disorder characterized by an impairment of reading performance despite adequate motivational, educational and intellectual opportunities. It is a multifactorial trait, with evidence for familial clustering and heritability.

One of the major non-collagenous components of the tectorial membrane (By similarity). The tectorial membrane is an extracellular matrix of the inner ear that covers the neuroepithelium of the cochlea and contacts the stereocilia bundles of specialized sensory hair cells. Sound induces movement of these hair cells relative to the tectorial membrane, deflects the stereocilia and leads to fluctuations in hair-cell membrane potential, transducing sound into electrical signals

Cell membraneSecreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 12

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

General activator of RNA polymerase III transcription. Requires for transcription from all three types of polymerase III promoters. Requires for transcription of genes with internal promoter elements and with promoter elements upstream of the initiation site

Nucleus

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 112

A form of non-syndromic, sensorineural deafness characterized by postlingual progressive hearing impairment. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Involved in EGFR signaling

Cytoplasm

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 44

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by initially moderate hearing loss that affects mainly low to mid frequencies. Later, it progresses to involve all the frequencies and leads to a profound hearing loss by the 6th decade.

Facilitates tyrosination of alpha-tubulin in neuronal microtubules (By similarity). Phosphorylated MAP1B is required for proper microtubule dynamics and plays a role in the cytoskeletal changes that accompany neuronal differentiation and neurite extension (PubMed:33268592). Possibly MAP1B binds to at least two tubulin subunits in the polymer, and this bridging of subunits might be involved in nucleating microtubule polymerization and in stabilizing microtubules. Acts as a positive cofactor in DA

Cytoplasm, cytoskeletonCytoplasmSynapseCell projection, dendritic spine

Periventricular nodular heterotopia 9

A form of periventricular nodular heterotopia, a disorder resulting from a defect in the pattern of neuronal migration in which ectopic collections of neurons lie along the lateral ventricles of the brain or just beneath, contiguously or in isolated patches. PVNH9 is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance, characterized by impaired intellectual development, cognitive defects, learning disabilities, and behavior abnormalities. Some patients develop seizures.

Component of the CENPA-CAD (nucleosome distal) complex, a complex recruited to centromeres which is involved in assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May be involved in incorporation of newly synthesized CENPA into centromeres via its interaction with the CENPA-NAC complex

NucleusChromosome, centromere

Sialomucin that may play a key role in hematopoiesis by facilitating the adhesion of CD34(+) cells to the stroma and by negatively regulating CD34(+)CD38(lo/-) cell proliferation. Modulates the migration of umbilical cord blood CD133+ cells and this is mediated through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. May play an important role in prostate cancer metastasis and the infiltration of bone marrow by cancer cells. Promotes myogenesis by enhancing CXCR4-dependent cell motility. Positively regulates myoblast mig

Lysosome membraneEndosome membraneCell membraneSecreted

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 66

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Secreted

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 84B

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by congenital, non-progressive, sensorineural, symmetric hearing loss. Vestibular hypofunction is rarely observed.

As a component of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex, involved in the connection between the nuclear lamina and the cytoskeleton. The nucleocytoplasmic interactions established by the LINC complex play an important role in the transmission of mechanical forces across the nuclear envelope and in nuclear movement and positioning (By similarity). Behaves as a kinesin cargo, providing a functional binding site for kinesin-1 at the nuclear envelope. Hence may contribute to t

Nucleus outer membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 76

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural deafness, a disorder resulting from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. DFNB76 affected individuals have onset of progressive high frequency hearing impairment between birth and 6 years of age. The hearing loss is severe at high frequencies by adulthood.

Involved in hearing and vision as member of the USH2 complex. Necessary for elongation and maintenance of inner and outer hair cell stereocilia in the organ of Corti in the inner ear. Involved in the maintenance of the hair bundle ankle region, which connects stereocilia in cochlear hair cells of the inner ear. In retina photoreceptors, required for the maintenance of periciliary membrane complex that seems to play a role in regulating intracellular protein transport

CytoplasmCell projection, stereociliumCell projection, growth conePhotoreceptor inner segmentSynapse

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 31

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes (PubMed:29860631, PubMed:8557689). Has a high affinity for both cAMP and cGMP (PubMed:8557689). Modulates the amplitude and duration of the cAMP signal in sensory cilia in response to odorant stimulation, hence contributing to the generation of action potentials. Regulates smooth muscle cell proliferation. Reg

Lysosome

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 74

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by progressive, postlingual hearing loss with onset in the third decade of life.

Involved in directing the movement of organelles along actin filaments

Cell projection, microvillus

Diarrhea 15, congenital

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe diarrhea manifesting in infancy and resolving by the second year of life.

Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis

Plays a role in the formation of tricellular tight junctions and of epithelial barriers (By similarity). Required for normal hearing via its role in the separation of the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces of the organ of Corti in the inner ear, and for normal survival of hair cells in the organ of Corti (PubMed:17186462)

Cell membraneCell junction, tight junction

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 49

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Plays an important role in mitotic spindle pole organization via its interaction with NUMA1 (PubMed:11781568, PubMed:15632202, PubMed:21816348). Required for cortical dynein-dynactin complex recruitment during metaphase (PubMed:22327364). Plays a role in metaphase spindle orientation (PubMed:22327364). Also plays an important role in asymmetric cell divisions (PubMed:21816348). Has guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) activity towards G(i) alpha proteins, such as GNAI1 and GNAI3, and

CytoplasmCytoplasm, cell cortexCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle poleLateral cell membrane

Chudley-McCullough syndrome

An autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by early-onset sensorineural deafness and specific brain anomalies on MRI, including hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, enlarged cysterna magna with mild focal cerebellar dysplasia, and nodular heterotopia. Some patients have hydrocephalus. Psychomotor development is normal.

ATP-dependent chaperone part of the 55LCC heterohexameric ATPase complex which is chromatin-associated and promotes replisome proteostasis to maintain replication fork progression and genome stability. Required for replication fork progression, sister chromatid cohesion, and chromosome stability. The ATPase activity is specifically enhanced by replication fork DNA and is coupled to cysteine protease-dependent cleavage of replisome substrates in response to replication fork damage. Uses ATPase ac

CytoplasmCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindleNucleus

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 119

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by mild to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Peroxisome-associated protein required to protect auditory hair cells against noise-induced damage. Acts by regulating noise-induced peroxisome proliferation in auditory hair cells and neurons, and promoting autophagic degradation of damaged peroxisomes (pexophagy). Noise overexposure increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, causing oxidative damage to auditory hair cells and resulting in hearing loss. PJVK acts as a ROS sensor that recruits the autophagy machinery to trigger pexophagy of

Peroxisome membraneCell projection, cilium

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 59

A form of sensorineural hearing impairment with absent or severely abnormal auditory brainstem response but normal otoacoustic emissions (auditory neuropathy or auditory dys-synchrony). Auditory neuropathies result from a lesion in the area including the inner hair cells, connections between the inner hair cells and the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve, the auditory nerve itself and auditory pathways of the brainstem.

One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell

Cell membraneCell junction, gap junction

Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva 1

A form of erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva, a genodermatosis characterized by the coexistence of two independent skin lesions: transient erythema and hyperkeratosis that is usually localized but occasionally occurs in its generalized form. Clinical presentation varies significantly within a family and from one family to another. Palmoplantar keratoderma is present in around 50% of cases.

Participates in the regulation of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, at least partly, by modulating the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) store (PubMed:16989814). Negatively regulates the ER stress response and positively regulates the stability of V-ATPase subunits ATP6V1A and ATP1B1 by preventing their degradation through an unknown proteasome-independent mechanism (PubMed:23035048)

Endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle

Wolfram syndrome 1

A rare disorder characterized by juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with optic atrophy. Other manifestations include diabetes insipidus, sensorineural deafness, dementia, psychiatric illnesses.

Catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of imine double bonds of a number of cyclic ketimine substrates, including sulfur-containing cyclic ketimines (PubMed:21332720, PubMed:25931162). Under physiological conditions, it efficiently catalyzes delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate (P2C) and delta(1)-pyrroline-2-carboxylate (Pyr2C) reduction, suggesting a central role in lysine and glutamate metabolism (PubMed:25931162). Additional substrates are delta(2)-thiazoline-2-carboxylate (T2C), 3,4-dehydro

Cytoplasm

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 40

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Actin nucleation and elongation factor required for the assembly of F-actin structures, such as actin cables and stress fibers. Required for cytokinesis, stress fiber formation and transcriptional activation of the serum response factor. Binds to GTP-bound form of Rho and to profilin: acts in a Rho-dependent manner to recruit profilin to the membrane, where it promotes actin polymerization. DFR proteins couple Rho and Src tyrosine kinase during signaling and the regulation of actin dynamics. Als

CytoplasmNucleus

Auditory neuropathy, autosomal dominant 1

A form of sensorineural hearing loss with absent or severely abnormal auditory brainstem response, in the presence of normal cochlear outer hair cell function and normal otoacoustic emissions. Auditory neuropathies result from a lesion in the area including the inner hair cells, connections between the inner hair cells and the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve, the auditory nerve itself and auditory pathways of the brainstem. Affected individuals typically respond to sound but have difficulties in speech discrimination.

Transcriptional repressor which binds neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) and represses neuronal gene transcription in non-neuronal cells (PubMed:11741002, PubMed:11779185, PubMed:12399542, PubMed:26551668, PubMed:7697725, PubMed:7871435, PubMed:8568247). Restricts the expression of neuronal genes by associating with two distinct corepressors, SIN3A and RCOR1, which in turn recruit histone deacetylase to the promoters of REST-regulated genes (PubMed:10449787, PubMed:10734093). Mediates re

NucleusCytoplasm

Wilms tumor 6

A pediatric malignancy of kidney, and the most common childhood abdominal malignancy. It is caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem, stromal, and epithelial cells.

Acts as a transcriptional activator (PubMed:18228599). Acts by binding to sequences related to the consensus octamer motif 5'-ATGCAAAT-3' in the regulatory regions of its target genes (PubMed:18228599). Involved in the auditory system development, required for terminal differentiation of hair cells in the inner ear (By similarity)

NucleusCytoplasm

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 15

A form of non-syndromic hearing loss with variable phenotype in terms of age at onset, levels of progression, and shape of audiograms.

May play an important role in fibrillogenesis by controlling lateral growth of collagen II fibrils

Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant

An autosomal dominant form of otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, a disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness, enlarged epiphyses, mild platyspondyly, and disproportionate shortness of the limbs. Total body length is normal. Typical facial features are mid-face hypoplasia, short upturned nose and depressed nasal bridge. Most patients have Pierre Robin sequence including an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate) and a small lower jaw (micrognathia). Ocular symptoms are absent. Some patients have early-onset osteoarthritis.

Stimulates guanine exchange activity of SOS1. May play a role in membrane ruffling and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. In the cochlea, is required for stereocilia maintenance in adult hair cells (By similarity)

CytoplasmCell projection, stereocilium

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 106

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Probable serine protease that plays a role in hearing. Acts as a permissive factor for cochlear hair cell survival and activation at the onset of hearing and is required for saccular hair cell survival (By similarity). Activates ENaC (in vitro)

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 8

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Receptor for the lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) (PubMed:10617617, PubMed:25274307). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effects on most types of cells and tissues (PubMed:10617617). When expressed in rat HTC4 hepatoma cells, is capable of mediating S1P-induced cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis (PubMed:10617617). Receptor for the chemokine-like protein FAM19A5 (PubMed:29453251). Mediates the inhibitory effect of FAM19A5 on vascular

Cell membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 68

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space, through calcium-independent cell-adhesion activity

Cell junction, tight junctionCell membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 29

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein. Essential for maintenance of normal retinal and cochlear function

Cell membraneSecreted

Usher syndrome 1F

USH is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by the association of retinitis pigmentosa with sensorineural deafness. Age at onset and differences in auditory and vestibular function distinguish Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1), Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) and Usher syndrome type 3 (USH3). USH1 is characterized by profound congenital sensorineural deafness, absent vestibular function and prepubertal onset of progressive retinitis pigmentosa leading to blindness.

Plays a key role to hearing function. Required for normal organization and maintenance of the stereocilia bundle and for mechano-electrical transduction

Cell projection, stereocilium membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 117

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by prelingual, moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Actin-dependent motor protein with a protein kinase activity, playing an essential role in hearing (PubMed:12032315, PubMed:29880844, PubMed:34788109). Probably also plays a role in vision. Required for normal cochlear hair bundle development and hearing. Plays an important role in the early steps of cochlear hair bundle morphogenesis. Influences the number and lengths of stereocilia to be produced and limits the growth of microvilli within the forming auditory hair bundles thereby contributing

Cytoplasm, cytoskeletonCytoplasmCell projection, filopodium tipCell projection, stereocilium

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 30

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by bilateral progressive hearing loss, which first affects the high frequencies. Hearing loss begins in the second decade, and by age 50 is severe in high and middle frequencies and moderate at low frequencies.

May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s) (PubMed:20727515, PubMed:20797691). Involved in neuronal projections development, probably through a negative modulation of ARF6 function (PubMed:20727515). Involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking (PubMed:31257402)

Cell membraneCytoplasmCytoplasmic vesicle membranePresynapse

Familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy

A subtype of idiopathic epilepsy starting in early infancy and manifesting as myoclonic seizures, febrile convulsions, and tonic-clonic seizures.

Acts as an inhibitor of the small GTPase RHOA and plays several roles in the regulation of myoblast and hair cell differentiation, lymphocyte T proliferation and neutrophil polarization (PubMed:17150207, PubMed:23241886, PubMed:24687993, PubMed:24958875, PubMed:25588844, PubMed:27556504). Inhibits chemokine-induced T lymphocyte responses, such as cell adhesion, polarization and migration (PubMed:23241886). Involved also in the regulation of neutrophil polarization, chemotaxis and adhesion (By si

CytoplasmCytoplasm, cytoskeletonCell projection, filopodiumCell projection, stereociliumCell projection, stereocilium membraneApical cell membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 104

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Probable transcription factor which exert its primary action widely during early neural development and in a very limited set of neurons in the mature brain

Nucleus

Deafness, X-linked, 2

A form of deafness characterized by both conductive hearing loss resulting from stapes (perilymphatic gusher) fixation, and progressive sensorineural deafness.

May be responsible for potassium buffering action of glial cells in the brain (By similarity). Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it (PubMed:8995301). Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages (PubMed:8995301). The inward rectification is mainly d

MembraneBasolateral cell membrane

Seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, impaired intellectual development, and electrolyte imbalance

A complex disorder characterized by generalized seizures with onset in infancy, delayed psychomotor development, ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and hypomagnesemia.

Required for normal inner ear hair cell function and hearing

Membrane

Dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol phosphates, such as phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-diphosphates, with preference for PIP3 (PubMed:23897475). Phosphate can be hydrolyzed from the D3 and D5 positions in the inositol ring (PubMed:23897475). Has low tyrosine-protein phosphatase activity in vitro; however, the relevance of such activity in vivo is unclear (By similarity). Plays an important role in adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Regu

Cell projection, stereociliumApical cell membraneBasal cell membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 84A

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by progressive, sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction.

Auxiliary subunit of the mechanotransducer (MET) non-specific cation channel complex located at the tips of stereocilia of cochlear hair cells and that mediates sensory transduction in the auditory system. The MET complex is composed of two dimeric pore-forming ion-conducting transmembrane TMC (TMC1 or TMC2) subunits, and aided by several auxiliary proteins including LHFPL5, TMIE, CIB2/3 and TOMT, and the tip-link PCDH15. May contribute to the formation of the pore

Membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 6

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Transcription factor that binds a canonical ESRRB recognition (ERRE) sequence 5'TCAAGGTCA-3' localized on promoter and enhancer of targets genes regulating their expression or their transcription activity (PubMed:17920186, PubMed:19755138). Plays a role, in a LIF-independent manner, in maintainance of self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic and trophoblast stem cells through different signaling pathways including FGF signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathways. Involved in morula development

NucleusCytoplasmChromosome

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 35

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by non-progressive, prelingual hearing loss.

Regulates actin cytoskeletal organization, cell spreading and cell contraction by directly binding and stabilizing filamentous F-actin and prevents its depolymerization (PubMed:18194665, PubMed:28438837). May also serve as a linker protein to recruit proteins required for F-actin formation and turnover (PubMed:18194665). Essential for correct mitotic progression (PubMed:22820163, PubMed:24692559) Plays a pivotal role in the formation of stereocilia rootlets Plays a pivotal role in the formation

NucleusCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosomeMidbodyChromosome, telomere

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 28

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

May act as an adhesion molecule

Apical cell membraneSecreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 22

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Anchoring/scaffolding protein that is a part of the functional network formed by USH1C, USH1G, CDH23 and MYO7A that mediates mechanotransduction in cochlear hair cells. Required for normal development and maintenance of cochlear hair cell bundles (By similarity). As part of the intermicrovillar adhesion complex/IMAC plays a role in brush border differentiation, controlling microvilli organization and length. Probably plays a central regulatory role in the assembly of the complex, recruiting CDHR

Cytoplasm, cytosolCytoplasm, cytoskeletonCell projection, microvillus

Usher syndrome 1C

USH is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by the association of retinitis pigmentosa with sensorineural deafness. Age at onset and differences in auditory and vestibular function distinguish Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1), Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) and Usher syndrome type 3 (USH3). USH1 is characterized by profound congenital sensorineural deafness, absent vestibular function and prepubertal onset of progressive retinitis pigmentosa leading to blindness.

Required for proper hearing, plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the tectorial membrane

Secreted

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 4B

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Tyrosine phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates 'Tyr-142' of histone H2AX (H2AXY142ph). 'Tyr-142' phosphorylation of histone H2AX plays a central role in DNA repair and acts as a mark that distinguishes between apoptotic and repair responses to genotoxic stress. Promotes efficient DNA repair by dephosphorylating H2AX, promoting the recruitment of DNA repair complexes containing MDC1. Its function as histone phosphatase probably explains its role in transcription regulation during organog

CytoplasmNucleus

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 10

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Transcriptional activator required for the development of normal hearing, sense of balance and kidney function. Required for the expression of SLC26A4/PDS, JAG1 and COCH in a subset of epithelial cells and the development of the endolymphatic system in the inner ear. Also required for the expression of SLC4A1/AE1, SLC4A9/AE4, ATP6V1B1 and the differentiation of intercalated cells in the epithelium of distal renal tubules (By similarity)

Nucleus

Required for sound encoding at inner hair cells (IHCs) synapses, likely via inhibition of the inactivation of voltage-gated calcium channel of type 1.3 (Cav1.3) in the IHCs (PubMed:28183797). Required for the normal transfer of light signals through the retina (By similarity)

Cytoplasm, perinuclear regionCell membraneGolgi apparatus

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 93

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by stable, bilateral, symmetric, prelingual moderate to severe deafness. Hearing impairment is slightly more pronounced in the mid-frequencies, resulting in a distinctive shallow U-shaped audiogram.

Key calcium ion sensor involved in the Ca(2+)-triggered synaptic vesicle-plasma membrane fusion and in the control of neurotransmitter release at these output synapses. Interacts in a calcium-dependent manner to the presynaptic SNARE proteins at ribbon synapses of cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) to trigger exocytosis of neurotransmitter. Also essential to synaptic exocytosis in immature outer hair cells (OHCs). May also play a role within the recycling of endosomes (By similarity)

Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle membraneBasolateral cell membraneEndoplasmic reticulum membraneGolgi apparatus membranePresynaptic cell membraneCell membraneGolgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 9

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Essential for hearing (By similarity). Required for maintenance of stereocilia on both inner and outer hair cells (By similarity). Necessary for the integrity of the stereociliary rootlet (By similarity). May act as an actin cytoskeleton regulator involved in the regulation of actin dynamics at the pointed end in hair cells (By similarity). Forms rings at the base of stereocilia and binds actin filaments in the stereocilia which may stabilize the stereocilia (By similarity). Acts as a strong inh

Cell projection, stereociliumCell projection, microvillusNucleus, nucleoplasmCytoplasm

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 79

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by progressive and severe sensorineural hearing loss. There are no symptoms of vestibular dysfunction.

Sodium-independent transporter of chloride and iodide (PubMed:10192399, PubMed:11932316, PubMed:12107249, PubMed:16684826, PubMed:24051746). Mediates electroneutral chloride-bicarbonate, chloride-iodide and chloride-formate exchange with 1:1 stoichiometry (PubMed:10644529, PubMed:15155570, PubMed:24051746, PubMed:35601831). Mediates electroneutral iodide-bicarbonate exchange (By similarity)

Cell membraneApical cell membrane

Pendred syndrome

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss in association with thyroid goiter. The disorder may account for up to 10% of the cases of hereditary deafness. The deafness is most often associated with a Mondini cochlear defect. Deafness occurs early, starting at birth or during the first years of life. It is bilateral, sometimes asymmetrical, fluctuant and often progressive. Thyroid perturbations, such as thyroid goiter and/or hypothyroidism appear most commonly during adolescence, but they can be congenital or appear later.

Essential to the formation of horizontal top connectors between outer hair cell stereocilia

Cell surfaceCell projection, kinociliumCell projection, stereocilium

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 16

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Component of hair-cell stereocilia coat. Required for normal hearing

MembraneCell projection, stereocilium membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 124

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing loss with onset at birth. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Binds cholesterol and may regulate the distribution and homeostasis of cholesterol in hair cells (PubMed:36317962). May play a role in angiogenesis (PubMed:35727972)

Lysosome membraneEndoplasmic reticulum membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 120

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by congenital or prelingual onset of severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells. CDH23 is required for establishing and/or maintaining the proper organization of the stereocilia bundle of hair cells in the cochlea and the vestibule during late embryonic/early postnatal development. It is part of the functional network formed by USH1C, USH1G, CDH23 and MYO7A that mediates mechanotransduction in cochlear hair cells. Required for norma

Cell membrane

Usher syndrome 1D

USH is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by the association of retinitis pigmentosa with sensorineural deafness. Age at onset and differences in auditory and vestibular function distinguish Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1), Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) and Usher syndrome type 3 (USH3). USH1 is characterized by profound congenital sensorineural deafness, absent vestibular function and prepubertal onset of progressive retinitis pigmentosa leading to blindness.

Deubiquitinase that recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of polyubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:16214042, PubMed:34059922). Plays a role in the regulation of NF-kappa-B activation by TNF receptor superfamily via its interactions with RELA and TRAF2. May also play a regulatory role at postsynaptic sites. Plays an important role in cell cycle progression by deubiquitinating Aurora B/AURKB an

CytoplasmNucleusCell projection, cilium

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 85

A form of non-syndromic, sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. DFNA85 is characterized by progressive hearing loss, with onset in childhood or young adulthood.

Extracellular matrix protein implicated in guidance of migrating neurons as well as axons during development, synaptic plasticity as well as neuronal regeneration. Promotes neurite outgrowth from cortical neurons grown on a monolayer of astrocytes. Ligand for integrins alpha-8/beta-1, alpha-9/beta-1, alpha-V/beta-3 and alpha-V/beta-6. In tumors, stimulates angiogenesis by elongation, migration and sprouting of endothelial cells (PubMed:19884327)

Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 56

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. DFNA56 is characterized by progressive hearing impairment with postlingual onset.

Cellular myosin that appears to play a role in cytokinesis, cell shape, and specialized functions such as secretion and capping

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 4A

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

May play an important role in fibrillogenesis by controlling lateral growth of collagen II fibrils

Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Stickler syndrome 2

An autosomal dominant form of Stickler syndrome, an inherited disorder that associates ocular signs with more or less complete forms of Pierre Robin sequence, bone disorders and sensorineural deafness. Ocular disorders may include juvenile cataract, myopia, strabismus, vitreoretinal or chorioretinal degeneration, retinal detachment, and chronic uveitis. Pierre Robin sequence includes an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), a large tongue (macroglossia), and a small lower jaw (micrognathia). Bones are affected by slight platyspondylisis and large, often defective epiphyses. Juvenile joint laxity is followed by early signs of arthrosis. The degree of hearing loss varies among affected individuals and may become more severe over time. Syndrome expressivity is variable.

Cellular myosin that appears to play a role in cytokinesis, cell shape, and specialized functions such as secretion and capping. Required for cortical actin clearance prior to oocyte exocytosis (By similarity). Promotes cell motility in conjunction with S100A4 (PubMed:16707441). During cell spreading, plays an important role in cytoskeleton reorganization, focal contact formation (in the margins but not the central part of spreading cells), and lamellipodial retraction; this function is mechanic

Cytoplasm, cytoskeletonCytoplasm, cell cortexCytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, Cortical granuleCell membrane

Macrothrombocytopenia and granulocyte inclusions with or without nephritis or sensorineural hearing loss

An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, giant platelets and Dohle body-like inclusions in peripheral blood leukocytes with variable ultrastructural appearance. Some affected individuals lack leukocyte inclusion bodies on classic staining of peripheral blood smears. Alport syndrome-like features of nephritis, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities are present in some patients.

Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails bind to membranous compartments, which are then moved relative to actin filaments. In the retina, plays an important role in the renewal of the outer photoreceptor disks. Plays an important role in the distribution and migration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) melanosomes and phagosomes, and in the regulation of opsin transport in retinal photore

CytoplasmCytoplasm, cell cortexCytoplasm, cytoskeletonSynapse

Usher syndrome 1B

USH is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by the association of retinitis pigmentosa with sensorineural deafness. Age at onset and differences in auditory and vestibular function distinguish Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1), Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) and Usher syndrome type 3 (USH3). USH1 is characterized by profound congenital sensorineural deafness, absent vestibular function and prepubertal onset of progressive retinitis pigmentosa leading to blindness.

Cytoplasm

In cochlear developing hair cells, essential in organizing the USH2 complex at stereocilia ankle links. Blocks inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity mediated by ADGRV1

Cell projection, ciliumNucleusCell projection, stereocilium

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 57

A form of non-syndromic, sensorineural deafness characterized by symmetric, bilateral hearing loss with onset in early childhood. Vestibular function is preserved. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. DFNB57 severity ranges from moderate to severe.

One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell

Cell membraneCell junction, gap junction

Ectodermal dysplasia 2, Clouston type

A form of ectodermal dysplasia, a heterogeneous group of disorders due to abnormal development of two or more ectodermal structures such as hair, teeth, nails and sweat glands, with or without any additional clinical sign. Each combination of clinical features represents a different type of ectodermal dysplasia. ECTD2 is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by atrichosis, nail hypoplasia and deformities, hyperpigmentation of the skin, normal teeth, normal sweat and sebaceous gland function. Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis is a frequent feature. Hearing impairment has been detected in few cases.

Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space, through calcium-independent cell-adhesion activity (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into hepatic cells

Cell junction, tight junctionCell membrane

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 116

A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by slowly progressive, moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases IP6K1, IP6K2 and IP6K3 to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4 (PubMed:17690096, PubMed:17702752, PubMed:21222653, PubMed:29590114). PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskel

Cytoplasm, cytosol

Deafness, autosomal recessive, 100

A form of non-syndromic, sensorineural deafness characterized by prelingual hearing impairment. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Plays a major role in early metanephros and genital development

Membrane

Renal hypodysplasia/aplasia 3

A severe, autosomal dominant disease encompassing a spectrum of kidney development defects. Clinical manifestations are highly variable and include bilateral or unilateral renal agenesis, renal aplasia, hypoplasia, (cystic) dysplasia, severe obstructive uropathy, and vesicoureteral reflux. Bilateral renal agenesis is almost invariably fatal in utero or in the perinatal period. Unilateral renal agenesis can lead to future health issues including end-stage renal disease.

Pore-forming subunit of the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel involved in the regulation of sensory cells excitability in the cochlea (PubMed:10025409, PubMed:34767770). KCNQ4/Kv7.4 channel is composed of 4 pore-forming subunits assembled as tetramers (PubMed:34767770). Promotes the outflow of potassium ions in the repolarization phase of action potential which plays a role in regulating membrane potential of excitable cells (PubMed:10025409, PubMed:11245603, PubMed:34767770). The channel con

Basal cell membrane

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 2A

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Transcription factor playing an important role in primary neurulation and in epithelial development (PubMed:25152456, PubMed:29309642). Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACCGGTT-3' acting as an activator and repressor on distinct target genes (By similarity). During embryogenesis, plays unique and cooperative roles with GRHL3 in establishing distinct zones of primary neurulation. Essential for closure 3 (rostral end of the forebrain), functions cooperatively with GRHL3 in closure

NucleusMembrane

Deafness, autosomal dominant, 28

A form of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. DFNA28 is characterized by mild to moderate hearing loss across most frequencies that progresses to severe loss in the higher frequencies by the fifth decade.