Raras
Buscar doenças, sintomas, genes...
Síndrome Axenfeld-Rieger
ORPHA:782CID-10 · Q13.8CID-11 · LD2F.1YDOENÇA RARA

A síndrome de Axenfeld-Rieger (SAR) é um termo geral que descreve um grupo de problemas genéticos relacionados. A principal característica física é uma malformação na parte da frente do olho. Pessoas com a SAR também podem apresentar várias outras alterações congênitas (de nascença) que variam bastante.

Mantido por Agente Raras·Colaborar como especialista →

Introdução

O que você precisa saber de cara

📋

A síndrome de Axenfeld-Rieger (SAR) é um termo geral que descreve um grupo de problemas genéticos relacionados. A principal característica física é uma malformação na parte da frente do olho. Pessoas com a SAR também podem apresentar várias outras alterações congênitas (de nascença) que variam bastante.

Pesquisas ativas
1 ensaio
4 total registrados no ClinicalTrials.gov
Publicações científicas
330 artigos
Último publicado: 2026

Escala de raridade

CLASSIFICAÇÃO ORPHANET · BRASIL 2024
1-9 / 1 000 000
Ultra-rara
<1/50k
Muito rara
1/20k
Rara
1/10k
Pouco freq.
1/5k
Incomum
1/2k
Prevalência
0.5
Europe
Início
Infancy
+ neonatal
🏥
SUS: Cobertura mínimaScore: 15%
CID-10: Q13.8
🇧🇷Dados SUS / DATASUS
PROCEDIMENTOS SIGTAP (5)
0202010503
Cariótipo — bandas G, Q ou Rgenetic_test
0202010600
Pesquisa de microdeleções/microduplicações por FISHlab_test
0202010694
Sequenciamento completo do exoma (WES)rehabilitation
0202010260
Dosagem de alfa-fetoproteína
0301070040
Atendimento em reabilitação — doenças raras
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Entender a doença

Do básico ao detalhe, leia no seu ritmo

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Sinais e sintomas

O que aparece no corpo e com que frequência cada sintoma acontece

Partes do corpo afetadas

😀
Face
12 sintomas
👁️
Olhos
8 sintomas
📏
Crescimento
4 sintomas
🫃
Digestivo
4 sintomas
❤️
Coração
3 sintomas
👂
Ouvidos
2 sintomas

+ 15 sintomas em outras categorias

Características mais comuns

90%prev.
Aplasia/Hipoplasia da íris
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Embriotoxon posterior
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Morfologia anormal da câmara anterior
Muito frequente (99-80%)
55%prev.
Retrusão médio-facial
Frequente (79-30%)
55%prev.
Deficiência auditiva
Frequente (79-30%)
55%prev.
Vermelhão do lábio inferior evertido
Frequente (79-30%)
53sintomas
Muito frequente (3)
Frequente (5)
Ocasional (13)
Sem dados (32)

Os sintomas variam de pessoa para pessoa. Abaixo estão as 53 características clínicas mais associadas, ordenadas por frequência.

Aplasia/Hipoplasia da írisAplasia/Hypoplasia of the iris
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Embriotoxon posteriorPosterior embryotoxon
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Morfologia anormal da câmara anteriorAbnormal anterior chamber morphology
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Retrusão médio-facialMidface retrusion
Frequente (79-30%)55%
Deficiência auditivaHearing impairment
Frequente (79-30%)55%

Linha do tempo da pesquisa

Publicações por ano — veja quando o interesse científico cresceu
Anos de pesquisa1desde 2026
Total histórico330PubMed
Últimos 10 anos200publicações
Pico202331 papers
Linha do tempo
2026Hoje · 2026🧪 1977Primeiro ensaio clínico📈 2023Ano de pico
Publicações por ano (últimos 10 anos)

Encontrou um erro ou informação desatualizada? Sugira uma correção →

Genética e causas

O que está alterado no DNA e como passa nas famílias

Genes associados

2 genes identificados com associação a esta condição. Padrão de herança: Autosomal dominant.

PITX2Pituitary homeobox 2Disease-causing germline mutation(s) (gain of function) inAltamente restrito
FUNÇÃO

May play a role in myoblast differentiation. When unphosphorylated, associates with an ELAVL1-containing complex, which stabilizes cyclin mRNA and ensuring cell proliferation. Phosphorylation by AKT2 impairs this association, leading to CCND1 mRNA destabilization and progression towards differentiation Involved in the establishment of left-right asymmetry in the developing embryo

LOCALIZAÇÃO

NucleusCytoplasm

VIAS BIOLÓGICAS (1)
TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of other transcription factors
MECANISMO DE DOENÇA

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome 1

An autosomal dominant disorder of morphogenesis that results in abnormal development of the anterior segment of the eye, and results in blindness from glaucoma in approximately 50% of affected individuals. Additional features include aniridia, maxillary hypoplasia, hypodontia, anal stenosis, redundant periumbilical skin.

EXPRESSÃO TECIDUAL(Tecido-específico)
Bladder
25.4 TPM
Pituitária
18.0 TPM
Músculo esquelético
16.0 TPM
Esôfago - Muscular
10.3 TPM
Esôfago - Junção
4.5 TPM
OUTRAS DOENÇAS (8)
ring dermoid of corneaanterior segment dysgenesis 4Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 1Peters anomaly
HGNC:9005UniProt:Q99697
FOXC1Forkhead box protein C1Disease-causing germline mutation(s) inTolerante
FUNÇÃO

DNA-binding transcriptional factor that plays a role in a broad range of cellular and developmental processes such as eye, bones, cardiovascular, kidney and skin development (PubMed:11782474, PubMed:14506133, PubMed:14578375, PubMed:15277473, PubMed:15299087, PubMed:15684392, PubMed:16449236, PubMed:16492674, PubMed:17210863, PubMed:19279310, PubMed:19793056, PubMed:25786029, PubMed:27804176, PubMed:27907090). Acts either as a transcriptional activator or repressor (PubMed:11782474). Binds to th

LOCALIZAÇÃO

Nucleus

VIAS BIOLÓGICAS (2)
Formation of the ureteric budFormation of intermediate mesoderm
MECANISMO DE DOENÇA

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome 3

An autosomal dominant disorder of morphogenesis that results in abnormal development of the anterior segment of the eye, and results in blindness from glaucoma in approximately 50% of affected individuals. Features include posterior corneal embryotoxon, prominent Schwalbe line and iris adhesion to the Schwalbe line, hypertelorism, hypodontia, sensorineural deafness, redundant periumbilical skin, and cardiovascular defects such as patent ductus arteriosus and atrial septal defect. When associated with tooth anomalies, the disorder is known as Rieger syndrome.

EXPRESSÃO TECIDUAL(Ubíquo)
Artéria tibial
171.9 TPM
Aorta
171.6 TPM
Artéria coronária
95.5 TPM
Glândula salivar
63.9 TPM
Nervo tibial
45.8 TPM
OUTRAS DOENÇAS (7)
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome type 3anterior segment dysgenesis 3Rieger anomalyPeters anomaly
HGNC:3800UniProt:Q12948

Variantes genéticas (ClinVar)

386 variantes patogênicas registradas no ClinVar.

🧬 PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.350del (p.Pro117fs) ()
🧬 PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.592_604dup (p.Pro202fs) ()
🧬 PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.256_257insA (p.Pro86fs) ()
🧬 PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.838del (p.Tyr280fs) ()
🧬 PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.206-48G>T ()
Ver todas no ClinVar

Classificação de variantes (ClinVar)

Distribuição de 785 variantes classificadas pelo ClinVar.

196
432
157
Patogênica (25.0%)
VUS (55.0%)
Benigna (20.0%)
VARIANTES MAIS SIGNIFICATIVAS
FOXC1: NC_000006.12:g.(1713354_4870965)inv [Likely pathogenic]
PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.350del (p.Pro117fs) [Pathogenic]
PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.592_604dup (p.Pro202fs) [Pathogenic]
PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.256_257insA (p.Pro86fs) [Pathogenic]
PITX2: NM_000325.6(PITX2):c.838del (p.Tyr280fs) [Pathogenic]

Diagnóstico

Os sinais que médicos procuram e os exames que confirmam

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Tratamento e manejo

Remédios, cuidados de apoio e o que precisa acompanhar

Pipeline de tratamentos
Pipeline regulatório — de medicamentos já aprovados a drogas em pesquisa exploratória.
·Pré-clínico1
Medicamentos catalogadosEnsaios clínicos· 0 medicamentos · 1 ensaio
Carregando informações de tratamento...

Onde tratar no SUS

Hospitais de referência no Brasil e o protocolo oficial do SUS (PCDT)

🇧🇷 Atendimento SUS — Síndrome Axenfeld-Rieger

🗺️

Selecione um estado ou use sua localização para ver resultados.

Dados de DATASUS/CNES, SBGM, ABNeuro e Ministério da Saúde. Sempre confirme a disponibilidade diretamente com o estabelecimento.

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Ensaios clínicos abertos e novidades científicas recentes

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Publicações mais relevantes

Timeline de publicações
194 papers (10 anos)
#1

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome in an Infant.

JAMA ophthalmology2026 Jan 01

This case report discusses a diagnosis of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome in an 8-month-old infant who presented with bilateral abnormal pupils, posterior embryotoxon, and dental abnormalities.

#2

[National protocol for the diagnosis and management of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: Summary for the primary care physician].

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie2026 Feb

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome/anomaly (ARS) is a rare genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, characterized by dysgenesis of the anterior segment of the eye. It may present with systemic anomalies (Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome) or without (Axenfeld anomaly) and may sometimes be associated with multiple congenital malformations. The estimated prevalence ranges from 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 200,000 live births, with an approximate rate of 1 in 100,000, but no epidemiological studies have been conducted to date. A clinical diagnosis of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome requires the presence of both Axenfeld and Rieger ocular anomalies, accompanied by extraocular systemic features. Ocular manifestations include iris abnormalities, posterior embryotoxon, juvenile-onset glaucoma (a common complication), and dysgenesis of the iridocorneal angle with iridocorneal adhesions. The most commonly observed systemic anomalies include: umbilical defects; craniofacial dysmorphism; dentofacial abnormalities, such as Class III malocclusion due to maxillary hypoplasia, oligodontia, dental malformations (taurodontism, root dysplasia), microdontia, hypodontia, and anodontia; hearing impairment (partial or complete sensorineural hearing loss); and cardiac anomalies, including non-congenital heart disease and mitral valve insufficiency. Additional anomalies may include hypospadias in males, anal stenosis, endocrine disorders (notably growth retardation) secondary to pituitary dysfunction, psychomotor delay, and various neurological malformations such as Dandy-Walker malformation, mega cisterna magna, posterior fossa cysts, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, ventriculomegaly, aprosencephaly, cerebral atrophy, microcephaly, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), and digital anomalies such as camptodactyly. Diagnosis is typically made in infancy, based on iris anomalies such as corectopia (displacement of the pupil), polycoria (multiple pupils), and iris hypoplasia. Posterior embryotoxon is frequently observed upon slit-lamp examination. Given the clinical variability, a comprehensive pediatric assessment is essential to identify systemic anomalies and distinguish Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome from the isolated Axenfeld anomaly.

#3

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: From Zebrafish Models to Clinical Outcomes.

American journal of ophthalmology2026 Feb

To investigate genetics and outcomes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS). Retrospective cohort study of ARS patients diagnosed 1970-2023. Ocular diagnoses, surgeries, genetic information, and exam findings were collected. Surgery success was defined as IOP of 5-20 mmHg, no additional IOP-lowering surgery, and no visually devastating complications. Live-imaging and histological zebrafish studies were performed to study FOXC1 variants. A total of 66 patients (31 males) presented at median 4.1 years [IQR 0.4, 13.1] and were classified into 4 ARS phenotypes: deep anterior chamber (n = 55), shallow anterior chamber (n = 4), corneal opacification (n = 3), and iridogoniodysgenesis (n = 4). Total 42 patients (64%) were diagnosed with glaucoma at median 4.2 years [IQR 0.3, 13.3] and 58 eyes of 33 patients required IOP-lowering surgery. Patients with glaucoma had higher initial IOP (P < .0001) and worse final BCVA (P < .01) compared to patients without glaucoma. At final follow-up (median 6.1 years [IQR 1.6, 10.1]), patients with glaucoma showed decreased IOP (P < .0001), but increased glaucoma medications (P < .001). Ten-year survival rates were greatest for trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (76% with 95% CI [47, 91]) and Baerveldt devices (71% with 95% CI [47, 86]. Final BCVA was linearly associated with number of glaucoma surgeries (ß=0.15, P < .01, R2 = 0.12). Foxc1a zebrafish morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown, which disrupted ocular and craniofacial development, was rescued by human wildtype FOXC1 mRNA, but not mutant FOXC1 mRNA containing clinically identified variants. In ARS, patients with glaucoma had worse final BCVA and often required angle bypass surgery. Further, our zebrafish model recapitulated ARS and verified clinically identified FOXC1 variants. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.

#4

Surgical Outcomes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis.

American journal of ophthalmology2026 Feb

To identify risk factors for glaucoma development and evaluate the effectiveness of primary glaucoma surgery in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS)-associated glaucoma. Retrospective comparative interventional case series. Consecutive patients diagnosed with ARS with and without glaucoma before the age of 18 years at 3 tertiary hospitals in Thailand and the United States (2004-2023) were included. Surgical outcomes were defined as: complete success-intraocular pressure (IOP) >5 and ≤21 mmHg with ≥20% reduction from baseline, without glaucoma medication, re-operation, or vision loss; qualified success-same IOP criteria but with medication use. Proportion of nonglaucomatous patients/eyes that developed glaucoma, complete and qualified surgical success, and genotyping results. Ninety-six patients (189 eyes) were included; 97% had bilateral disease, and 50% were male. Genetic testing was performed in over one-third of cases, with a causative gene variant identified in half. During a mean follow-up of 7.5 years, 57.3% developed glaucoma. Risk factors included diagnosis at birth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61-25.91) and cardiac anomalies (aOR 10.73, 95% CI 1.20-95.55). All patients with a causative FOXC1 variant developed glaucoma. Among those affected, 70% required surgery, typically at a median age of 6 months. At 3-year mark of survival analysis, no procedure achieved >25% complete success. Glaucoma drainage devices had significantly higher qualified success (72.9%) compared to goniotomy (37.8%) or trabeculotomy (27.8%) (P = .013). Over half of ARS patients developed glaucoma, with ARS diagnosed at birth, and the presence of cardiac anomalies as major risk factors. While complete surgical success remains low, GDD shows the highest qualified success and may be the preferred primary procedure.

#5

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome associated with a megabase-scale inversion separating PITX2 from a conserved enhancer locus.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2025 Jun 06

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) is an autosomal dominant condition with both ocular and non-ocular manifestations. ARS is primarily caused by coding variants at the PITX2 or FOXC1 loci, yet many cases still remain undiagnosed. Here we used whole-genome sequencing to identify two non-coding structural variants associated with a typical presentation of PITX2-associated ARS: one with a 450 kb deletion removing a series of conserved enhancer elements distal to PITX2, and the second with a 12.5 Mb inversion displacing the PITX2 gene from these same enhancer elements. Neither variant disrupted the PITX2 gene itself, and therefore both were expected to reduce PITX2 expression by disrupting its proximity or access to enhancer elements. Enhancer-disrupting intergenic inversions therefore represent a unique genetic mechanism for the development of ARS, which should be carefully considered in the context of ARS and other conditions without a conclusive genetic diagnosis.

Publicações recentes

Ver todas no PubMed

📚 EuropePMC218 artigos no totalmostrando 197

2025

Axenfeld Rieger Syndrome Presenting with Open Angle Glaucoma in an Adult Patient: A Case Report.

JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association
2025

Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of FOXC1-Related Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Type 3: A Case Report.

Cureus
2026

[National protocol for the diagnosis and management of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: Summary for the primary care physician].

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie
2025

A Case Report on Glaucoma and Anterior Segment Abnormalities in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Annals of African medicine
2026

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome in an Infant.

JAMA ophthalmology
2026

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: From Zebrafish Models to Clinical Outcomes.

American journal of ophthalmology
2026

Surgical Outcomes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis.

American journal of ophthalmology
2025

Genetic characterization and functional analysis of novel PITX2 variants identified in Chinese families with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica
2025

Cataract Surgery Outcomes in Patients With Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Cornea
2025

A case of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome with neuroradiological abnormalities.

Radiology case reports
2025

A Tree Inside the Eye: A Presenting Feature of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Ophthalmology. Glaucoma
2025

Sulcus Tube in a Patient with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Ophthalmology. Glaucoma
2025

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome associated with a megabase-scale inversion separating PITX2 from a conserved enhancer locus.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
2025

Identification and functional study of a novel FOXC1 missense mutation in a Chinese family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Scientific reports
2025

Association of Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter During Pregnancy with Anterior Segment Dysgenesis Risk: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Journal of clinical medicine
2025

Insights into CYP1B1-Related Ocular Diseases Through Genetics and Animal Studies.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
2025

Comprehensive Analysis of Congenital Aniridia and Differential Diagnoses: Genetic Insights and Clinical Manifestations.

Ophthalmology and therapy
2025

Sequence Context-Agnostic TadA-Derived Cytosine Base Editors for Genome-Wide Editing in Zebrafish.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
2024

Complex genomic rearrangement with deletion of PITX2 in a Chinese family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: A case report and literature review.

Molecular vision
2025

Exome sequencing identifies existing and novel variants in a South African cohort presenting with anterior segment dysgenesis.

Gene
2025

19-Year Follow-up on Patients with Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly or Syndrome and Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Including the 6th Generation in a Pedigree.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde
2024

Clinical characteristics and ultrasound biomicroscopic evaluation of anterior segment dysgenesis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery
2024

Tube Insertion of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Using a Micro-incision Scleral Tunnel Technique.

Cureus
2024

Main genetic entities associated with tooth agenesis.

Clinical oral investigations
2024

Deletion of exon 4 of the PITX2 in a child with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Ophthalmic genetics
2024

A Novel Mutation of FOXC1 (P136L) in an Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Patient With a Systematized Delusion of Jealousy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2024

Detached Schwalbe line in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

The National medical journal of India
2024

Diagnostic Challenges of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome and a Novel FOXC1 Gene Mutation in a Polish Family.

Journal of clinical medicine
2024

Pleiotropy in FOXC1-attributable phenotypes involves altered ciliation and cilia-dependent signaling.

Scientific reports
2024

UNC-30/PITX coordinates neurotransmitter identity with postsynaptic GABA receptor clustering.

Development (Cambridge, England)
2025

In Silico Characterization of Pathogenic Homeodomain Missense Mutations in the PITX2 Gene.

Biochemical genetics
2024

Clinical and Genetic Correlation in Neurocristopathies: Bridging a Precision Medicine Gap.

Journal of clinical medicine
2024

Unusual Posterior Capsular Pigmentation in Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly.

Ophthalmology. Glaucoma
2024

Intergenic sequences harboring potential enhancer elements contribute to Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome by regulating PITX2.

JCI insight
2024

In Vivo Assessment of Retinal Phenotypes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science
2024

Primary Cilium in Neural Crest Cells Crucial for Anterior Segment Development and Corneal Avascularity.

Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science
2024

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome and Possible Airway Complications.

Ear, nose, &amp; throat journal
2023

ADAMTS18-related anterior segment dysgenesis mistaken as Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Taiwan journal of ophthalmology
2023

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome in the pediatric population: A review.

Taiwan journal of ophthalmology
2024

Complex balanced intrachromosomal rearrangement involving PITX2 identified as a cause of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2023

Oligodontia in the Clinical Spectrum of Syndromes: A Systematic Review.

Dentistry journal
2024

Whole genome sequencing in families with oligodontia.

Oral diseases
2023

Glaucoma drainage device implantation in a pregnant woman with axenfeld-rieger syndrome.

Oman journal of ophthalmology
2024

Posterior embryotoxon as the initial ophthalmological sign of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia
2023

Axenfeld-Reiger syndrome: A search for the missing links.

World journal of clinical cases
2023

Alternative Genetic Diagnoses in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Spectrum.

Genes
2023

The morphology of angle dysgenesis assessed by ultrasound biomicroscopy and its relationship with glaucoma severity and mutant genes in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery
2023

Penetrating Keratoplasty in Congenital Glaucoma.

Journal of clinical medicine
2023

A patient with concurrent Axenfeld-Rieger and Stickler syndromes verified by molecular genetics.

American journal of ophthalmology case reports
2023

Modified horizontal muscle transposition without tenotomy and splitting for a case of inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles aplasia with hemifacial microsomia.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
2023

Neuroimaging Findings in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A Case Series.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology
2023

Case Report: Congenital Pseudoacorea in an Ocular Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: What is it?

Journal of clinical cases &amp; reports
2023

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: A systematic review examining genetic, neurological, and neurovascular associations to inform screening.

Heliyon
2023

Case report: Extending the spectrum of clinical and molecular findings in FOXC1 haploinsufficiency syndrome.

Frontiers in genetics
2023

Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly with slit pupils.

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie
2023

Intragenic FOXC1 deletion in a Vietnamese child with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: case report and review of literature.

Clinical dysmorphology
2022

Microspherophakia: A clinical approach and mini review with a case report.

Journal of family medicine and primary care
2023

Chromosome 6p25 deletion syndrome: A case report and review of ophthalmic features.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2023

Ophthalmological Manifestations of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: Current Perspectives.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
2023

Commercial Gene Panels for Congenital Anterior Segment Anomalies: Are They All the Same?

American journal of ophthalmology
2023

Axenfeld anomaly with persistent pupillary membrane.

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie
2023

4q25 Microdeletion with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome and Developmental Delay.

Case reports in genetics
2023

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome combined with ectropion uveae and pigment dispersion syndrome: A case report.

Medicine
2023

Distinct Roles of Histone Lysine Demethylases and Methyltransferases in Developmental Eye Disease.

Genes
2023

Craniofacial and dental features of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome patients with PITX2 mutations.

Orthodontics &amp; craniofacial research
2022

The clinical and genetic findings in a Chinese family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Heliyon
2023

Leukoencephalopathy with spot-like calcifications caused by recessive COL4A2 variants.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery
2022

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: a novel histopathologic finding associated with corneal abnormalities.

BMC ophthalmology
2023

Cardiac anomalies in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Cardiology in the young
2022

Surgical Outcomes of Glaucoma Drainage Device Implantation in Refractory Glaucoma Patients in Thailand.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
2023

Genotype-phenotype association of PITX2 and FOXC1 in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Experimental eye research
2022

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome in monozygotic twin brothers: Case report.

Northern clinics of Istanbul
2022

Ahmed glaucoma implant and augmented MicroPulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in a monocular Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome patient with glaucoma.

International journal of ophthalmology
2023

Characteristics of Corneal Endothelium in Axenfeld Rieger Spectrum.

Cornea
2023

Peripheral Anterior Synechiae as a Manifestation of Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly.

Ophthalmology
2022

Case report: Congenital mitral and tricuspid valve insufficiency in a patient with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine
2022

Posterior segment findings in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
2022

Dental and Maxillofacial Manifestations of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: Presentation of a Case in a 5-Year-Old Girl.

Case reports in dentistry
2022

Dental and Craniofacial Manifestation of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A Case Report.

Cureus
2023

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: more than meets the eye.

Journal of medical genetics
2023

Enamel defects of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and the role of PITX2 in its pathogenesis.

Oral diseases
2022

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: orthopedic and orthodontic management in a pediatric patient: a case report.

Head &amp; face medicine
2022

A case of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome with retinal detachment.

Indian journal of ophthalmology
2022

Complete detachment of the Schwalbe's line in a case of Axenfeld-Reiger anomaly - A rare presentation.

Indian journal of ophthalmology
2022

A rare case of unilateral Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly associated with optic disc coloboma: A multimodal imaging canvas.

Indian journal of ophthalmology
2022

Progressive Vision Loss in a Patient With Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Cureus
2022

The clinical outcomes of keratoplasty in irreversible corneal decompensation secondary to Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

International ophthalmology
2022

Comparison of Anterior Segment Abnormalities in Individuals With FOXC1 and PITX2 Variants.

Cornea
2022

Early-Onset Glaucoma in egl1 Mice Homozygous for Pitx2 Mutation.

Biomedicines
2022

First XEN implantation in Axenfeld- Rieger syndrome: A case report and literature review.

American journal of ophthalmology case reports
2022

Case report of the rare Peters' anomaly complicated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: A case report and brief review of the literature.

Medicine
2021

Hyperproliferative embryotoxon simulating double cornea.

BMJ case reports
2021

A novel variant in FOXC1 associated with atypical Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

BMC medical genomics
2021

Heterogeneity of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: Molecular and Clinical Findings in Chinese Patients.

Frontiers in genetics
2022

Identification and functional study of FOXC1 variants in Chinese families with glaucoma.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2021

A novel missense mutation of FOXC1 in an Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome patient with a congenital atrial septal defect and sublingual cyst: a case report and literature review.

BMC medical genomics
2021

Extraocular muscle hypoplasia associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Strabismus
2021

Mechanistic Insights into Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome from Zebrafish foxc1 and pitx2 Mutants.

International journal of molecular sciences
2021

Glaucoma Syndromes: Insights into Glaucoma Genetics and Pathogenesis from Monogenic Syndromic Disorders.

Genes
2022

Bitot-like spots in children with normal vitamin A levels.

Eye (London, England)
2021

[Laser corepraxy in mesodermal iris dysgenesis (Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome) (case report)].

Vestnik oftalmologii
2021

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome combined with a foveal anomaly in a three-generation family: a case report.

BMC ophthalmology
2021

Adjunctive orthodontic therapy for prosthetic rehabilitation in a growing child with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: A case report.

Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry
2021

The Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Gene FOXC1 Contributes to Left-Right Patterning.

Genes
2021

[Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome: ophthalmological and dental diagnostic and therapeutic options].

Orvosi hetilap
2021

A PITX2 splice-site mutation in a family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome leads to decreased expression of nuclear PITX2 protein.

International ophthalmology
2021

The management of a Moroccan family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie
2020

The Ocular Neural Crest: Specification, Migration, and Then What?

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology
2021

Loss of FOXC1 contributes to the corneal epithelial fate switch and pathogenesis.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy
2020

Ocular hypertension in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Romanian journal of ophthalmology
2021

Gene-specific facial dysmorphism in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome caused by FOXC1 and PITX2 variants.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2020

Genetics Underlying the Interactions between Neural Crest Cells and Eye Development.

Journal of developmental biology
2020

A large deletion spanning PITX2 and PANCR in a Chinese family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Molecular vision
2021

Sella turcica morphology in patients with genetic syndromes: A systematic review.

Orthodontics &amp; craniofacial research
2020

FOXC1 variant in a family with anterior segment dysgenesis and normal-tension glaucoma.

Experimental eye research
2020

Exome Sequencing in a Swiss Childhood Glaucoma Cohort Reveals CYP1B1 and FOXC1 Variants as Most Frequent Causes.

Translational vision science &amp; technology
2020

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: Rare Case Presentation and Overview.

Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery
2021

Sensorineural hearing loss and hypoplastic cochlea in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome with FOXC1 mutation.

Auris, nasus, larynx
2020

Disruption of foxc1 genes in zebrafish results in dosage-dependent phenotypes overlapping Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Human molecular genetics
2020

A case of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) with asymmetric ocular phenotypes and left glaucomatous optic atrophy.

BMJ case reports
2020

Histological observation of trabecular meshwork in a patient with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome-a new theory for the mechanism of ectropion uvea in congenital glaucoma.

International journal of ophthalmology
2020

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome-associated mutants of the transcription factor FOXC1 abnormally regulate NKX2-5 in model zebrafish embryos.

The Journal of biological chemistry
2020

Phenotype expansion of heterozygous FOXC1 pathogenic variants toward involvement of congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT).

Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics
2020

High Iris Insertion in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Ophthalmology
2020

A de novo mutation in PITX2 underlies a unique form of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome with corneal neovascularization and extensive proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Ophthalmic genetics
2020

Novel mutations in the PITX2 gene in Pakistani and Mexican families with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2020

Unusual association of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and wandering spleen: A case report.

World journal of clinical cases
2020

Surgical outcomes of Glaucoma associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

BMC ophthalmology
2020

The diagnosis and phacoemulsification in combination with intraocular lens implantation for an Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome patient with small cornea: a case report.

BMC ophthalmology
2020

Causes of congenital corneal opacities and their management in a tertiary care center.

Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia
2020

Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly and Neuropsychiatric Problems-More than Meets the Eye.

Neuropediatrics
2019

Anterior transposition of inferior oblique for inferior rectus muscle aplasia.

Taiwan journal of ophthalmology
2020

Childhood glaucoma genes and phenotypes: Focus on FOXC1 mutations causing anterior segment dysgenesis and hearing loss.

Experimental eye research
2019

Aniridia and Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: Clinical presentations, molecular genetics and current/emerging therapies.

Experimental eye research
2019

Repeat keratoplasty in failed Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty.

Indian journal of ophthalmology
2019

Novel PITX2 mutations identified in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and the pattern of PITX2-related tooth agenesis.

Oral diseases
2019

Rieger Syndrome: Rehabilitation With Dental Implants.

Clinical advances in periodontics
2019

A novel mutation of FOXC1 in a Chinese family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine
2019

Novel PITX2 Mutations including a Mutation Causing an Unusual Ophthalmic Phenotype of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Journal of ophthalmology
2019

Improvement of Open Bite and Stomatognathic Function in an Axenfeld- Rieger Syndrome Patient by Orthodontic Sectional Arch Mechanics: Clinical Considerations and the Risk of Orthodontic Tooth Movement.

Acta medica Okayama
2019

A novel frameshift mutation in the PITX2 gene in a family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome using targeted exome sequencing.

BMC medical genetics
2019

Progressive High Hypermetropic Shift as a Refractive Surprise Following Glaucoma Filtration Surgery in a Phakic Child With Early-Onset Childhood Glaucoma Associated With Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly.

Journal of glaucoma
2019

The Missing Mesenchyme Captured-Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly.

JAMA ophthalmology
2019

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: A case report.

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie
2019

Unexpected phenotype in a patient with two chromosomal deletions involving 6pter and 22q11.

Morphologie : bulletin de l'Association des anatomistes
2019

Double trouble: Microspherophakia with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly.

Indian journal of ophthalmology
2019

The Diverse Consequences of FOXC1 Deregulation in Cancer.

Cancers
2019

Corneal crosslinking in a case with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and unilateral pellucid marginal degeneration.

Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology
2019

Loss of foxc1 in zebrafish reduces optic nerve size and cell number in the retinal ganglion cell layer.

Vision research
2019

Prevalence of FOXC1 Variants in Individuals With a Suspected Diagnosis of Primary Congenital Glaucoma.

JAMA ophthalmology
2018

Degenerated hair follicle cells and partial loss of sebaceous and eccrine glands in a familial case of axenfeld-rieger syndrome: An emerging role for the FOXC1/NFATC1 genetic axis.

Journal of dermatological science
2018

Molecular characterization of Axenfeld-Rieger spectrum and other anterior segment dysgeneses in a sample of Mexican patients.

Ophthalmic genetics
2019

Treatment of chronic and extreme ocular hypotension following glaucoma surgery with intraocular platelet-rich plasma: A case report.

European journal of ophthalmology
2018

FoxO6 regulates Hippo signaling and growth of the craniofacial complex.

PLoS genetics
2019

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome as rare cause of umbilical abnormality.

Ultrasound in obstetrics &amp; gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
2019

Phenotype-genotype correlations and emerging pathways in ocular anterior segment dysgenesis.

Human genetics
2019

Ring chromosome 6 in a child with anterior segment dysgenesis and review of its overlap with other FOXC1 deletion phenotypes.

Congenital anomalies
2018

Achondroplasia With Congenital Onset Glaucoma, and Presumed Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly.

Journal of glaucoma
2018

Genetic linkage between altered tooth and eye development in lens-ablated Astyanax mexicanus.

Developmental biology
2018

Posterior Embryotoxon, Corectopia, and Cerebellar Dysgenesis.

JAMA ophthalmology
2018

Mutation Survey of Candidate Genes and Genotype-Phenotype Analysis in 20 Southeastern Chinese Patients with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Current eye research
2018

FOXC1 Regulates Expression of Prostaglandin Receptors Leading to an Attenuated Response to Latanoprost.

Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science
2018

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie
2018

A novel 4q25 microdeletion encompassing PITX2 associated with Rieger syndrome.

Oral diseases
2018

Accurate prediction of functional, structural, and stability changes in PITX2 mutations using in silico bioinformatics algorithms.

PloS one
2019

Sterile keratitis after uneventful corneal collagen cross-linking in a patient with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

International ophthalmology
2018

Headache and Eye Pain in a Patient With Unusual Facial Morphology.

Deutsches Arzteblatt international
2018

PITX2 deficiency and associated human disease: insights from the zebrafish model.

Human molecular genetics
2018

FOXC1, the new player in the cancer sandbox.

Oncotarget
2018

PITX2-related Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome with a Novel Pathogenic Variant (c.475_476delCT).

Annals of laboratory medicine
2018

Axenfeld Rieger Anomaly Presenting as Spontaneous Hyphema.

Ophthalmology. Glaucoma
2018

[Embryotoxon in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome in an infant].

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie
2018

Congenital cavitary optic disc anomaly and Axenfeld's anomaly in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: A case report and review of the literature.

Ophthalmic genetics
2018

A novel PITX2 mutation in non-syndromic orodental anomalies.

Oral diseases
2018

4q25 microdeletion encompassing PITX2: A patient presenting with tetralogy of Fallot and dental anomalies without ocular features.

European journal of medical genetics
2017

The rare Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome with systemic anomalies: A case report and brief review of literature.

Medicine
2017

A Chinese family with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: report of the clinical and genetic findings.

International journal of ophthalmology
2017

Novel Genetic Findings in a Chinese Family with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Journal of ophthalmology
2017

Iris Malformation and Anterior Segment Dysgenesis in Mice and Humans With a Mutation in PI 3-Kinase.

Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science
2017

A Novel Mutation in PITX2 in a Patient with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Molecular syndromology
2017

FOXC1 modulates MYOC secretion through regulation of the exocytic proteins RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2 and SNAP25.

PloS one
2017

Primary congenital and developmental glaucomas.

Human molecular genetics
2017

Glaucoma spectrum and age-related prevalence of individuals with FOXC1 and PITX2 variants.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG
2017

Novel de novo FOXC1 nonsense mutation in an Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome patient.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2017

A novel mouse model of anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD): conditional deletion of Tsc1 disrupts ciliary body and iris development.

Disease models &amp; mechanisms
2017

A de novo Pericentric Inversion in Chromosome 4 Associated with Disruption of PITX2 and a Microdeletion in 4p15.2 in a Patient with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome and Developmental Delay.

Cytogenetic and genome research
2018

Unclassified Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A CASE SERIES and Review of Literature.

Seminars in ophthalmology
2016

[Progressive moderate mitral regurgitation in a children with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. The importance of cardiologic follow up].

Archivos argentinos de pediatria
2017

Comparison of Bioinformatics Prediction, Molecular Modeling, and Functional Analyses of FOXC1 Mutations in Patients with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Human mutation
2016

Novel PITX2 gene mutations in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

Acta ophthalmologica
2017

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome and Leukoencephalopathy Caused by a Mutation in FOXC1.

Pediatric neurology
2016

Heterozygous Pitx2 Null Mice Accurately Recapitulate the Ocular Features of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome and Congenital Glaucoma.

Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science
2016

A Rare Recurrent 4q25 Proximal Deletion Not Involving the PITX2 Gene: A Genomic Disorder Distinct from Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome.

Molecular syndromology
2017

Novel syndrome with conductive hearing loss and congenital glaucoma in three generations.

Auris, nasus, larynx
2016

A Novel Homozygous Mutation in FOXC1 Causes Axenfeld Rieger Syndrome with Congenital Glaucoma.

PloS one
2016

Mutations in zebrafish pitx2 model congenital malformations in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome but do not disrupt left-right placement of visceral organs.

Developmental biology
2017

The 6p25 deletion syndrome: An update on a rare neurocristopathy.

Ophthalmic genetics
Ver todos os 218 no EuropePMC

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Doenças relacionadas

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Referências e fontes

Bases de dados externas citadas neste artigo

Publicações científicas

Artigos indexados no PubMed ligados a esta doença no grafo RarasNet — título, periódico e PMID direto da fonte, sem intermediação de IA.

  1. Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome in an Infant.
    JAMA ophthalmology· 2026· PMID 41343159mais citado
  2. [National protocol for the diagnosis and management of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: Summary for the primary care physician].
    Journal francais d'ophtalmologie· 2026· PMID 41455383mais citado
  3. Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: From Zebrafish Models to Clinical Outcomes.
    American journal of ophthalmology· 2026· PMID 41242594mais citado
  4. Surgical Outcomes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis.
    American journal of ophthalmology· 2026· PMID 41151624mais citado
  5. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome associated with a megabase-scale inversion separating PITX2 from a conserved enhancer locus.
    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences· 2025· PMID 40502565mais citado
  6. Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome with Negative Chromosomal Microarray and Whole-Exome Sequencing: A Case Report.
    Int Med Case Rep J· 2026· PMID 41913912recente
  7. Non-coding structural variants disrupting conserved PITX2 enhancer loci in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.
    Eur J Hum Genet· 2026· PMID 41888561recente
  8. Axenfeld Rieger Syndrome Presenting with Open Angle Glaucoma in an Adult Patient: A Case Report.
    JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc· 2025· PMID 41769014recente
  9. Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of FOXC1-Related Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Type 3: A Case Report.
    Cureus· 2025· PMID 41487851recente

Bases de dados e fontes oficiais

Identificadores e referências canônicas usadas para montar este verbete.

  1. ORPHA:782(Orphanet)
  2. MONDO:0019187(MONDO)
  3. GARD:5701(GARD (NIH))
  4. Variantes catalogadas(ClinVar)
  5. Busca completa no PubMed(PubMed)
  6. Artigo Wikipedia(Wikipedia)
  7. Q474994(Wikidata)

Dados compilados pelo RarasNet a partir de fontes abertas (Orphanet, OMIM, MONDO, PubMed/EuropePMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, DATASUS, PCDT/MS). Este conteúdo é informativo e não substitui avaliação médica.

Conteúdo mantido por Agente Raras · Médicos e pesquisadores podem colaborar

Síndrome Axenfeld-Rieger
Compêndio · Raras BR

Síndrome Axenfeld-Rieger

ORPHA:782 · MONDO:0019187
Prevalência
1-9 / 1 000 000
Herança
Autosomal dominant
CID-10
Q13.8 · Outras malformações congênitas da câmara anterior do olho
CID-11
Ensaios
1 ativos
Início
Infancy, Neonatal
Prevalência
0.5 (Europe)
MedGen
UMLS
C0265341
EuropePMC
Wikidata
Wikipedia
Papers 10a
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