Raras
Buscar doenças, sintomas, genes...
Adrenoleucodistrofia ligada ao X
ORPHA:43CID-10 · E71.3CID-11 · 5C57.1OMIM 300100DOENÇA RARA

Distúrbio peroxissomal que resulta em desmielinização cerebral, disfunção axonal na medula espinhal levando a paraplegia espástica, insuficiência adrenal e, em alguns casos, insuficiência testicular.

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Introdução

O que você precisa saber de cara

📋

Distúrbio peroxissomal que resulta em desmielinização cerebral, disfunção axonal na medula espinhal levando a paraplegia espástica, insuficiência adrenal e, em alguns casos, insuficiência testicular.

Pesquisas ativas
12 ensaios
74 total registrados no ClinicalTrials.gov
Publicações científicas
1.271 artigos
Último publicado: 2026 Apr 16
Medicamentos
2 registrados
PIOGLITAZONE, LERIGLITAZONE

Tem tratamento?

2 medicamentos registrados
Ver detalhes, fases e interações →
PIOGLITAZONELERIGLITAZONE

Escala de raridade

CLASSIFICAÇÃO ORPHANET · BRASIL 2024
1-9 / 1 000 000
Ultra-rara
<1/50k
Muito rara
1/20k
Rara
1/10k
Pouco freq.
1/5k
Incomum
1/2k
Prevalência
0.8
Norway
Início
Adolescent
+ adult, childhood, elderly
🏥
SUS: Cobertura mínimaScore: 15%
1 medicamentos CEAFCID-10: E71.3
🇧🇷Dados SUS / DATASUS
PROCEDIMENTOS SIGTAP (7)
0202010279
Dosagem de aminoácidos (erros inatos)metabolic_test
0202010295
Dosagem de ácidos orgânicos na urinagenetic_test
0202010490
Teste de triagem para erros inatos do metabolismonewborn_screening
0202010694
Sequenciamento completo do exoma (WES)rehabilitation
0202080013
Teste do pezinho (triagem neonatal)nutritional
0301070040
Atendimento em reabilitação — doenças raras
+1 outros procedimentos
Você se identifica com essa condição?
O Raras está aqui pra te apoiar — com ou sem diagnóstico

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Entender a doença

Do básico ao detalhe, leia no seu ritmo

Preparando trilha educativa...

Sinais e sintomas

O que aparece no corpo e com que frequência cada sintoma acontece

Partes do corpo afetadas

🧠
Neurológico
34 sintomas
🫘
Rins
7 sintomas
👁️
Olhos
6 sintomas
🧬
Pele e cabelo
6 sintomas
💪
Músculos
5 sintomas
📏
Crescimento
3 sintomas

+ 64 sintomas em outras categorias

Características mais comuns

90%prev.
Hiperatividade
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Déficit motor funcional
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Comportamento atípico
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Anormalidade do metabolismo/homeostase
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Cefaleia
Muito frequente (99-80%)
133sintomas
Muito frequente (21)
Frequente (12)
Ocasional (3)
Sem dados (97)

Os sintomas variam de pessoa para pessoa. Abaixo estão as 133 características clínicas mais associadas, ordenadas por frequência.

HiperatividadeHyperactivity
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Déficit motor funcionalFunctional motor deficit
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Comportamento atípicoAtypical behavior
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Anormalidade do metabolismo/homeostaseAbnormality of metabolism/homeostasis
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividadeAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%

Linha do tempo da pesquisa

Publicações por ano — veja quando o interesse científico cresceu
Anos de pesquisa1desde 2026
Total histórico1.271PubMed
Últimos 10 anos200publicações
Pico202562 papers
Linha do tempo
2026Hoje · 2026🧪 1992Primeiro ensaio clínico📈 2025Ano de pico
Publicações por ano (últimos 10 anos)

Encontrou um erro ou informação desatualizada? Sugira uma correção →

Genética e causas

O que está alterado no DNA e como passa nas famílias

Genes associados

1 gene identificado com associação a esta condição. Padrão de herança: X-linked dominant.

ABCD1ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 1Disease-causing germline mutation(s) inAltamente restrito
FUNÇÃO

ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family involved in the transport of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-CoA from the cytosol to the peroxisome lumen (PubMed:11248239, PubMed:15682271, PubMed:16946495, PubMed:18757502, PubMed:21145416, PubMed:23671276, PubMed:29397936, PubMed:33500543). Coupled to the ATP-dependent transporter activity also has a fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase activity (ACOT) and hydrolyzes VLCFA-CoA into VLCFA prior their ATP-dependent transport into pero

LOCALIZAÇÃO

Peroxisome membraneMitochondrion membraneLysosome membraneEndoplasmic reticulum membrane

VIAS BIOLÓGICAS (5)
ABC transporters in lipid homeostasisBeta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acidsalpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolismLinoleic acid (LA) metabolismClass I peroxisomal membrane protein import
MECANISMO DE DOENÇA

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A peroxisomal metabolic disorder characterized by progressive multifocal demyelination of the central nervous system and by peripheral adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease). It results in mental deterioration, corticospinal tract dysfunction, and cortical blindness. Different clinical manifestations exist like: cerebral childhood ALD (CALD), adult cerebral ALD (ACALD), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and 'Addison disease only' (ADO) phenotype.

OUTRAS DOENÇAS (5)
adrenoleukodystrophyadrenomyeloneuropathyCADDSX-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy
HGNC:61UniProt:P33897

Medicamentos e terapias

PIOGLITAZONEPhase 2

Mecanismo: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist

LERIGLITAZONEPhase 2

Mecanismo: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist

Ver mais no OpenTargets

Variantes genéticas (ClinVar)

945 variantes patogênicas registradas no ClinVar.

🧬 ABCD1: NM_000033.4(ABCD1):c.1976A>G (p.His659Arg) ()
🧬 ABCD1: NM_000033.4(ABCD1):c.1640A>T (p.Tyr547Phe) ()
🧬 ABCD1: NM_000033.4(ABCD1):c.509C>A (p.Ala170Asp) ()
🧬 ABCD1: NM_000033.4(ABCD1):c.487C>A (p.Arg163Ser) ()
🧬 ABCD1: NM_000033.4(ABCD1):c.433A>C (p.Thr145Pro) ()
Ver todas no ClinVar

Diagnóstico

Os sinais que médicos procuram e os exames que confirmam

Carregando...

Tratamento e manejo

Remédios, cuidados de apoio e o que precisa acompanhar

Pipeline de tratamentos
Pipeline regulatório — de medicamentos já aprovados a drogas em pesquisa exploratória.
Aprovado1
3Fase 32
2Fase 23
1Fase 12
·Pré-clínico14
Medicamentos catalogadosEnsaios clínicos· 2 medicamentos · 20 ensaios
Carregando informações de tratamento...

Onde tratar no SUS

Hospitais de referência no Brasil e o protocolo oficial do SUS (PCDT)

🇧🇷 Atendimento SUS — Adrenoleucodistrofia ligada ao X

🗺️

Selecione um estado ou use sua localização para ver resultados.

Dados de DATASUS/CNES, SBGM, ABNeuro e Ministério da Saúde. Sempre confirme a disponibilidade diretamente com o estabelecimento.

Pesquisa ativa

Ensaios clínicos abertos e novidades científicas recentes

🟢 Recrutando agora

9 pesquisas recrutando participantes. Converse com seu médico sobre a possibilidade de participar.

Outros ensaios clínicos

74 ensaios clínicos encontrados, 12 ativos.

Distribuição por fase
Ver todos no ClinicalTrials.gov
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Publicações mais relevantes

Timeline de publicações
545 papers (10 anos)
#1

Natural History of Clinical Phenotypes and Their Biochemical Correlates in Adult X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease2026 Mar

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare monogenic disorder characterized by marked variability in clinical presentation, age at onset, and disease progression. A deeper understanding of its natural history and the relationship between biochemical markers and clinical phenotypes is essential for improving disease monitoring, patient counseling, and optimizing clinical trial design. In particular, the predictive value of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) for clinical phenotypes has recently garnered increased attention. In this longitudinal, mixed prospective/retrospective, single-center study, we analyzed clinical and biochemical data from 364 patients with X-ALD (255 males). Parameters included clinical scores (EDSS, AACS), age at symptom onset, and disease manifestations, which were correlated with individual VLCFA levels. Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) exhibited significantly elevated VLCFA concentrations. Higher C26:0 levels were associated with faster progression (measured by EDSS); however, effect sizes were small and inter-individual variability considerable. Although initial symptom severity was comparable between sexes, males presented earlier and progressed faster. Among patients seen in early clinical stages (EDSS ≤ 4.5), disease progression rates were higher (males: 0.34 ± 0.77; females: 0.11 ± 0.11) than in those presenting at more advanced stages (EDSS > 4.5; males: 0.23 ± 0.33; females: 0.09 ± 0.10). We provide comprehensive data on the prevalence of disease manifestations and the natural course of X-ALD in a large adult cohort. The observed association between elevated VLCFA levels and adrenal insufficiency should be considered in future clinical monitoring and trial design. However, due to the small effect sizes and variability, VLCFA levels offer limited prognostic utility for individual patients.

#2

Dysregulated lipid metabolism and hypomyelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout Zellweger mice.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience2026

Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in fatty acid degradation, cholesterol homeostasis and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Their dysfunction is associated with severe neurological disorders, including Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD) and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). In this study, we investigated the relationship between cholesterol homeostasis and myelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout mice. We dissected the central nervous system (CNS) of 10-day-old (P10) control and Pex2 -/- mice into five regions: spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and cerebral cortex. Catalase activity, a marker enzyme of peroxisomes, was significantly increased in CNS regions of Pex2 -/- mice, indicating an oxidative imbalance. Proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in peroxisomal proteins and pathways related to neurodegenerative diseases, cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism and mRNA processing. Cholesterol biosynthesis was particularly dysregulated: enzyme activities, mRNA, and protein levels were reduced in white matter regions but increased in the cerebral cortex. The elevated desmosterol levels in the brain of Pex2 -/- mice indicate impaired cholesterol synthesis. Sphingolipid metabolism was also altered in the peroxisome-deficient CNS, as the protein levels of enzymes dihydroceramide desaturase 1, ceramide synthase 2, fatty acid 2-hydroxylase, and UDP-glycosyltransferase 8 were significantly decreased. Myelination was significantly reduced throughout the CNS, as evidenced by decreased activities of the myelin marker 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and decreased mRNA and protein levels of myelin-associated proteins. The consistent decrease in ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in the CNS of Pex2 -/- mice suggests that decreased mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity contributes to hypomyelination. Gene expression analysis revealed an upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and altered expression of some homeostatic and disease-associated microglial (DAM) genes. However, full DAM activation was not yet observed in Pex2 -/- mice at P10. In conclusion, this study shows that systemic peroxisome deficiency leads to severe hypomyelination and dysregulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in the CNS, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of peroxisomal disorders.

#3

The Grey Zone Project: Risk-Based Classification of ABCD1 Variants in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease2026 Mar

Newborn screening (NBS) for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) enables early identification of boys at risk for adrenal insufficiency (AI) and cerebral ALD (CALD). However, NBS frequently identifies ABCD1 variants of uncertain significance (VUS), which are associated with only borderline-elevated C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC(26:0)) levels. Traditional American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) pathogenicity classification does not account for age-dependent penetrance or the broader phenotypic spectrum, complicating risk assessment and clinical management. Through the Grey Zone Project, we developed a risk-stratification framework using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-based approach prioritizing 95% sensitivity. This framework incorporates biochemical and longitudinal clinical data from 1627 control subjects and 196 confirmed ALD patients. Three pediatric risk categories were defined: "no ALD" (<110 nmol/L LPC(26:0)), "lower-risk AI/CALD" (110-177 nmol/L), and "at-risk AI/CALD" (>177 nmol/L). When applied to 108 samples carrying 51 unique ABCD1 VUSs, 26 variants were reclassified as "no ALD," 15 as "lower-risk AI/CALD," and 10 as "at-risk AI/CALD." The framework reclassifies ABCD1 variants based on biochemical risk profiles, reducing false-positive referrals, avoiding unnecessary MRI surveillance, and alleviating parental anxiety by identifying children who are unlikely to develop childhood-onset disease. Integrating biochemical thresholds with genetic and longitudinal clinical data improves the specificity of NBS without compromising its sensitivity. Providing systematic feedback on false-positive cases to screening laboratories will further refine cut-offs. This framework provides a scalable, evidence-based model for interpreting variants and enabling personalized follow-up in ALD and other disorders with a variable age of onset.

#4

[Status and prospects for neonatal screening of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy].

Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics2026 Feb 02

儿童期脑型X连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良(X-ALD)是高致死性神经系统白质疾病,如不早期诊治,常发病5~10年死亡,新生儿筛查对于早期诊治具有重要意义。部分国家或地区已通过检测极长链脂肪酸开展X-ALD新生儿筛查。国内新一代串联质谱检测试剂盒新增X-ALD筛查指标,为X-ALD新生儿筛查提供了有力支撑,但仍面临一些问题。本文就我国X-ALD新生儿筛查现状进行论述,以期促进全民健康。.

#5

Evolution of the lipidome uncovers early changes in adrenoleukodystrophy human cortical and spinal organoids.

iScience2026 Jan 16

Lipids are critical for the structure, signaling, and metabolism of the central nervous system (CNS), yet their roles during human brain development remain underexplored due to limited tissue availability. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a peroxisomal disorder caused by ABCD1 mutations, disrupts very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) degradation, leading to axonal degeneration and demyelination. To investigate lipid dynamics in CNS development and ALD pathogenesis, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical and spinal cord organoids and performed lipidomics over 200 days. Lipidomic analysis revealed a dynamic lipidome, with changes in lipid abundance, saturation, and chain length reflecting neurodevelopment. ALD hiPSC-derived organoids exhibited significant lipid alterations over time, including elevated VLCFA levels and reductions in brain-relevant lipids, such as sulfatides and gangliosides, in cortical organoids. These findings provide a foundational resource for studying lipid dynamics in CNS development and emphasize the value of organoids for understanding ALD and other CNS diseases.

Publicações recentes

Ver todas no PubMed

📚 EuropePMC685 artigos no totalmostrando 195

2026

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy as an etiological cause of progressive spastic paraplegia: A case report.

The Journal of international medical research
2026

Pretreatment blood NfL indicates response to cellular therapies in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy.

Communications medicine
2026

Natural History of Clinical Phenotypes and Their Biochemical Correlates in Adult X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2026

Dysregulated lipid metabolism and hypomyelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout Zellweger mice.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
2026

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Pseudo-Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy Case Report.

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology
2026

The Grey Zone Project: Risk-Based Classification of ABCD1 Variants in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2025

Late-Onset X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Rare Cause of Progressive Spastic Paraparesis.

Cureus
2025

Congenital Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Clinical and Imaging Pearls.

Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
2026

[Status and prospects for neonatal screening of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy].

Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics
2026

Evolution of the lipidome uncovers early changes in adrenoleukodystrophy human cortical and spinal organoids.

iScience
2026

Phosphatidylcholine with C26:0 moiety, a precursor of a diagnostic marker for X-ALD, is synthesized by LPLAT10/LPEAT2.

Journal of lipid research
2026

New multiplex LC-MS/MS method for lipid biomarker analysis of inherited neurodegenerative metabolic diseases.

Journal of lipid research
2025

An AAV-Based Therapy Approach for Neurological Phenotypes of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

International journal of molecular sciences
2025

Adult onset cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy: report of an atypical case.

Acta neurologica Belgica
2026

Sexual Dysfunction and Its Relationship With Hypogonadism and Myelopathy in Male Patients With X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2025

Monogenic Mimics of Neuroinflammatory Phenotypes in Children and Young Adults: An Evolving Landscape.

Neurology. Genetics
2025

A Qualitative Study on Parental Experiences with Genetic Counseling After a Positive Newborn Screen for Recently Added Conditions on the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP).

International journal of neonatal screening
2025

X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in a Moroccan Patient: Genetic Diagnosis Leads to Presymptomatic Testing and Family Counseling.

Balkan journal of medical genetics : BJMG
2025

Novel ABCD1 splice site mutation causing adult-onset X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy with predominant dysarthria.

Internal medicine journal
2026

Mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired oxidative stress defense as potential trigger of cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Free radical biology &amp; medicine
2025

Nationwide Study of the Epidemiology and Clinical Features of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in Denmark.

Molecular genetics and metabolism
2025

Neuroregenerative Treatment With Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer Technology in Advanced Childhood Cerebral X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Clinical Stabilization and Electroencephalographic Evidence of Cortico-Subcortical Reorganization.

Cureus
2025

Differentiating Incidental From Pathologic Brain MRI Findings in Asymptomatic Boys With X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Multicenter Study.

Neurology
2025

An Automated Analysis Tool for Diffusion Tensor Imaging-Based Quantitative MRI in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2025

Newborn Screening of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in Italy: Clinical and Biochemical Outcomes from a 4-Year Pilot Study.

International journal of neonatal screening
2025

Hypogonadism in adult males with adrenoleukodystrophy.

Annales d'endocrinologie
2025

Clinical and radiological characteristics of adult-onset X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a Chinese cohort study and review of the literature.

BMC neurology
2025

Myelin-water imaging and multi-shell diffusion-weighted imaging in adults with adrenoleukodystrophy.

Brain communications
2025

A Novel Missense Variant of the ABCD1 Gene in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in Chinese Family.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2025

Improving quality of life in rare diseases using disease-specific, multidisciplinary online interventions on the example of rare X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a randomized-controlled trial.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders
2025

Optimization of the Performance of Newborn Screening for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy by Flow Injection Analysis Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

International journal of neonatal screening
2025

[Two cases of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy presenting with Addison's disease as the initial manifestation and analysis of novel ABCD1 variants].

Zhonghua nei ke za zhi
2025

Peripheral nerve enlargement and hyperechogenicity in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy using high-resolution ultrasound.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
2025

Case Report: Incidental diagnosis of cystic fibrosis via whole genome sequencing alters HSCT planning in a child with cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Frontiers in pediatrics
2025

Incidental diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency precipitated by positive ABCD1 gene mutation detected on cascade screening.

BMJ case reports
2025

Bridging Equity Gaps in Newborn Screening: Reflections on X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) and Policy Implications for the Global South.

Journal of primary care &amp; community health
2025

Cost-Effectiveness of Newborn Screening for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in the Netherlands: A Health-Economic Modelling Study.

International journal of neonatal screening
2026

Inflammation and Immunomodulation in Cerebral X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Review of Pathology and Interventions.

Journal of child neurology
2025

Teaching NeuroImage: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy With Rare Temporal Pole Involvement.

Neurology
2025

Clinical Variation and Neuroimaging Patterns in Monozygotic Twins With Arrested X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Case Report.

Cureus
2026

Beyond newborn screening: the role of reverse cascade testing in familial disease detection.

Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences
2025

Overview of genetic mutations causing adrenoleukodystrophy: A case-series study.

Molecular genetics and metabolism reports
2026

Clinical Vigilance in Rare Disease Management: Atypical Features Lead to Discovery of Concurrent X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis.

Journal of child neurology
2025

Perceptions and Experiences of Families of Infants Diagnosed with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) via Newborn Screening in Georgia and Kentucky.

Journal of primary care &amp; community health
2025

Twenty years of misdiagnosis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a case report.

American journal of translational research
2025

Safety and efficacy of leriglitazone in childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (NEXUS): an interim analysis of an open-label, phase 2/3 trial.

EClinicalMedicine
2025

Seizures in childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy.

Developmental medicine and child neurology
2025

Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Genes
2025

Unraveling X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in women: a rare case of central nervous system manifestations and implications for screening.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
2025

Nervonic acid, a long chain monounsaturated fatty acid, improves mitochondrial function in adrenomyeloneuropathy fibroblasts.

British journal of pharmacology
2025

[A clinical case of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy].

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova
2025

Mosaic X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in males identified by newborn screening and next-generation sequencing.

NPJ genomic medicine
2025

Blood Biomarkers Reflecting Brain Pathology-From Common Grounds to Rare Frontiers.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2025

Home-Based Rehabilitation With Frenkel's Exercises for Adrenomyeloneuropathy: A Case Report.

Cureus
2025

Adult-onset cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy presenting with frontal lobe syndrome caused by a de novo ABCD1 gene mutation (c.1415_1416delAG, p.Gln472fs*83).

Neurology perspectives
2025

Novel ABCD1 Variants in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Clinical genetics
2025

Dentate calcifications with palatal tremor and facial myorhythmia in adult-onset cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Expert commentary Marcelo Kauffman, MD, PhD.

Parkinsonism &amp; related disorders
2025

Reporting ABCD1 variants as actionable secondary findings on exome and genome sequencing.

Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics
2025

Incidence and health burden of 20 rare neurological diseases in South China from 2016 to 2022: a hospital-based observational study.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2025

Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Pediatric X-Adrenoleukodystrophy in a Chinese Cohort.

Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment
2025

Development of a rabbit model for adrenoleukodystrophy: A pilot study on gene therapy using rAAV9.

Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids
2025

Generation and Characterization of Human iPSC-Derived Astrocytes with Potential for Modeling X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Phenotypes.

International journal of molecular sciences
2025

Newborn screening and rapid genomic diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases.

Journal of neuromuscular diseases
2025

Dentate calcifications with palatal tremor and facial myorhythmia in adult-onset Cerebral X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Parkinsonism &amp; related disorders
2025

Impaired peroxisomal beta-oxidation in microglia triggers oxidative stress and impacts neurons and oligodendrocytes.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
2025

Disease Burden in Female Patients With X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Neurology
2025

Primary adrenal insufficiency in children excluding congenital adrenal hyperplasia: insights from 33-year single-center experience in Tunisia.

Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie
2025

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in inborn errors of metabolism-a retrospective analysis on behalf of the pediatric disease working party from the Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy.

Bone marrow transplantation
2025

Whole exome sequencing reveals ABCD1 variant as a potential contributor to male infertility.

Molecular biology reports
2025

Optical coherence tomography angiography reveals abnormal retinal vascular density and perfusion in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a cross-sectional study.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2025

Insights From Minnesota on Newborn Screening for Adrenoleukodystrophy: A 5-Year Update.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2025

Altered lipid profile and reduced neuronal support in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes from adrenoleukodystrophy patients.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2023

Elivaldogene autotemcel approved for treatment of cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD) in males: A therapeutics bulletin of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG).

Genetics in medicine open
2024

Emerging Role of Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Autophagy in Pediatric Demyelinating Leukodystrophies and Therapeutic Opportunity.

Cells
2024

Psychological Impact of Presymptomatic X-Linked ALD Diagnosis and Surveillance: A Small Qualitative Study of Patient and Parent Experiences.

International journal of neonatal screening
2024

Functional Recovery in a Child With Adrenoleukodystrophy Following Neuroregenerative Effects of Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer (REAC) Neuro-Regenerative (RGN-N) Treatment: A Detailed Case Report.

Cureus
2024

Teaching NeuroImage: Prognostication of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Based on the Loes Neuroimaging Score.

Neurology
2024

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1: a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders.

Molecular neurodegeneration
2024

From gene to therapy: a review of deciphering the role of ABCD1 in combating X-Linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Lipids in health and disease
2025

Promises and challenges of genomic newborn screening (NBS) - lessons from public health NBS programs.

Pediatric research
2024

Primary adrenal insufficiency: case study IN 5 tertiary hospitals.

Anales de pediatria
2025

A Novel Mouse Model for Cerebral Inflammatory Demyelination in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Insights into Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets.

Annals of neurology
2024

Role of ACSBG1 in Brain Lipid Metabolism and X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Pathogenesis: Insights from a Knockout Mouse Model.

Cells
2025

A case of X-Linked adrenoleukodystrophy caused by a novel mutation with singular clinical manifestation: unilateral lower limb weakness.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
2024

A case of adrenomyeloneuropathy caused by a novel point mutation in the ABCD1 gene and functional verification.

Frontiers in genetics
2024

Genetic analysis of the X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy ABCD1 gene in Drosophila uncovers a role in Peroxisomal dynamics.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
2024

Lentiviral Gene Therapy for Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy.

The New England journal of medicine
2024

Practical Approach to Longitudinal Neurologic Care of Adults With X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy and Adrenomyeloneuropathy.

Neurology. Genetics
2024

Peroxisomal leukodystrophy.

Handbook of clinical neurology
2024

Ataluren-mediated nonsense variant readthrough in D-bifunctional protein deficiency: A case report.

Molecular genetics and metabolism reports
2024

Gene therapy for the leukodystrophies: From preclinical animal studies to clinical trials.

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics
2024

Lipidomic biomarkers in plasma correlate with disease severity in adrenoleukodystrophy.

Communications medicine
2024

A female adult-onset X-ALD patient with pure cerebellar symptoms:a case report.

Heliyon
2024

Innovative tree-based method for sampling molecular conformations: exploring the ATP-binding cassette subfamily D member 1 (ABCD1) transporter as a case study.

Frontiers in molecular biosciences
2024

Hematopoietic stem cell therapy and ex vivo gene therapy for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Handbook of clinical neurology
2023

[Adrenal insufficiency as part of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy].

Problemy endokrinologii
2024

Newborn Screening for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD): Biochemical, Molecular, and Clinical Characteristics of Other Genetic Conditions.

Genes
2024

Pathophysiology of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Updates on Molecular Mechanisms.

Journal of biotechnology and biomedicine
2024

Brainstem dominant form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy with a novel ABCD1 missense variant: A case report and literature review.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2024

Burden of illness and mortality in men with Adrenomyeloneuropathy: a retrospective cohort study.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2024

Nephrotic syndrome and adrenoleukodystrophy in a 5-year-old boy.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
2024

Easily misdiagnosed X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Italian journal of pediatrics
2024

Childhood Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy: Case Report and Literature Review Advocating for Newborn Screening.

Degenerative neurological and neuromuscular disease
2024

Generating human AMN and cALD iPSC-derived astrocytes with potential for modeling X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy phenotypes.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
2024

Leriglitazone halts disease progression in adult patients with early cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2024

In vivo adenine base editing rescues adrenoleukodystrophy in a humanized mouse model.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy
2024

Four-dimensional lipidomics profiling in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy using trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry.

Journal of lipid research
2024

International validation of meaningfulness of postural sway and gait to assess myeloneuropathy in adults with adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2024

Imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics contributes to the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2024

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in a child.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians
2024

A novel ABCD1 gene mutation causes adrenomyeloneuropathy presenting with spastic paraplegia: A case report.

Medicine
2024

Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and fludarabine conditioning for X-linked adrenal cerebral leukodystrophy.

Pediatric transplantation
2024

Central precocious puberty in a boy with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy caused by a novel ABCD1 mutation.

Heliyon
2024

The pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: tissue specific changes as a clue to pathophysiology.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2024

Corrigendum: Newborn screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in Italy: diagnostic algorithm and disease monitoring.

Frontiers in neurology
2024

Current Strategies for Increasing Knock-In Efficiency in CRISPR/Cas9-Based Approaches.

International journal of molecular sciences
2024

IDH-mutant astrocytoma arising from a demyelinating plaque in a child with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
2024

Leukodystrophy Imaging: Insights for Diagnostic Dilemmas.

Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
2024

The Clinical Spectrum of Adrenoleukodystrophy at a Portuguese Tertiary Hospital: Case Series and Review of Literature.

Cureus
2024

Plasma C24:0- and C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholines are reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of peroxisomal β-oxidation disorders.

Journal of lipid research
2024

Etiologic Spectrum of Pediatric-Onset Leukodystrophies and Genetic Leukoencephalopathies: The Five-Year Experience of a Tertiary Care Center in Southern India.

Pediatric neurology
2024

Novel ABCD1 variant causes phenotype of adrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral involvement in Ukrainian siblings: first adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for ALD in Ukraine: a case report.

Journal of medical case reports
2024

Progress in leukodystrophies with zebrafish.

Development, growth &amp; differentiation
2024

Adrenomyeloneuropathy manifesting as adrenal insufficiency and bilateral lower extremity spastic paraplegia: A case report and literature review.

Medicine
2024

Generation of induced pluripotent stem line (MIPTi001-A) derived from patient with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD).

Stem cell research
2023

Immune response of BV-2 microglial cells is impacted by peroxisomal beta-oxidation.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
2024

Increased neurotoxicity of high-density lipoprotein secreted from murine reactive astrocytes deficient in a peroxisomal very-long-chain fatty acid transporter Abcd1.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2023

Efficacy of HDAC Inhibitors in Driving Peroxisomal β-Oxidation and Immune Responses in Human Macrophages: Implications for Neuroinflammatory Disorders.

Biomolecules
2023

IPSC-Derived Astrocytes to Model Neuroinflammatory and Metabolic Responses in X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of biotechnology and biomedicine
2024

Role of Basal Forebrain Neurons in Adrenomyeloneuropathy in Mice and Humans.

Annals of neurology
2024

Magnetic resonance imaging enhancement of spinal nerve roots in a boy with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy before diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Radiology case reports
2023

Gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders in children: dreams and realities.

Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie
2023

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and primary adrenal insufficiency.

Frontiers in endocrinology
2023

Gene and Cellular Therapies for Leukodystrophies.

Pharmaceutics
2023

Diagnosing X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy after Implementation of Newborn Screening: A Reference Laboratory Perspective.

International journal of neonatal screening
2023

A novel mouse model of cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy highlights NLRP3 activity in lesion pathogenesis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
2023

Newborn screening for adrenoleukodystrophy: International experiences and challenges.

Molecular genetics and metabolism
2024

A pilot study of newborn screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for detection of C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine in dried blood spots: Results from 43,653 newborns in a southern Chinese population.

Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry
2023

Abnormal activation of MAPKs pathways and inhibition of autophagy in a group of patients with Zellweger spectrum disorders and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2023

Generation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from skin fibroblasts of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy.

Stem cell research
2023

Molecular species profiles of plasma ceramides in different clinical types of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

The journal of medical investigation : JMI
2023

X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy.

BMJ case reports
2024

A patient with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy presenting with central precocious puberty: a case report.

Endocrine
2023

ABCD1 Transporter Deficiency Results in Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis.

Biomolecules
2023

Attitudes of Patients with Adrenoleukodystrophy towards Sex-Specific Newborn Screening.

International journal of neonatal screening
2023

Interstitial lung disease and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in CADDS: Phenotypic expansion and literature review.

JIMD reports
2023

Biomarker-based risk prediction for the onset of neuroinflammation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

EBioMedicine
2023

System-based integrated metabolomics and microRNA analysis identifies potential molecular alterations in human X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy brain.

Human molecular genetics
2023

VUS: Variant of uncertain significance or very unclear situation?

Molecular genetics and metabolism
2023

Dicarboxylic acylcarnitine biomarkers in peroxisome biogenesis disorders.

Molecular genetics and metabolism
2023

Childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD) in France: epidemiology, natural history, and burden of disease - A population-based study.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2023

Exploratory study of autophagy inducer sirolimus for childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy.

Frontiers in pediatrics
2023

Clinical course and endocrine dysfunction in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A case series.

Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion
2023

Cerebral X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Presenting As Enlarging Cavum Vergae Cyst: A Case Report.

Cureus
2023

Abcd1 deficiency accelerates cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and axonopathy in a demyelinating mouse model of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Acta neuropathologica communications
2023

Vitamin D status and latitude predict brain lesions in adrenoleukodystrophy.

Annals of the Child Neurology Society
2023

Initial frontal lobe involvement in adult cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Acta neurologica Belgica
2023

Multivariate analysis and model building for classifying patients in the peroxisomal disorders X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome in Chinese pediatric patients.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2023

Peroxisomal defects in microglial cells induce a disease-associated microglial signature.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
2023

Implementation of Newborn Screening for Conditions in the United States First Recommended during 2010-2018.

International journal of neonatal screening
2023

A Phase 1 Study of Oral Vitamin D3 in Boys and Young Men With X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Neurology. Genetics
2023

Twin Premature Infants With Riboflavin and Biotin Deficiency Presenting With Refractory Lactic Acidosis, Rash, and Multiorgan Failure During Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition.

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports
2023

Nutritional status of children affected by X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association
2023

Two Single Nucleotide Deletions in the ABCD1 Gene Causing Distinct Phenotypes of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

International journal of molecular sciences
2023

Lysosomal cholesterol accumulation is commonly found in most peroxisomal disorders and reversed by 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.

Science China. Life sciences
2023

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on cerebral blood flow in male patients with adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of neuroscience research
2023

Novel mutations in the ABCD1 gene caused adrenomyeloneuropathy in the Chinese population.

Frontiers in neurology
2023

Computational insight into structural basis of human ELOVL1 inhibition.

Computers in biology and medicine
2023

Neonatal lupus is a novel cause of positive newborn screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2023

Structural insights into substrate recognition and translocation of human peroxisomal ABC transporter ALDP.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy
2023

Self-reported quality of life in symptomatic and asymptomatic women with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Brain and behavior
2022

Newborn screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in Italy: Diagnostic algorithm and disease monitoring.

Frontiers in neurology
2023

Age and gender-specific reference intervals for a panel of lysophosphatidylcholines estimated by tandem mass spectrometry in dried blood spots.

Practical laboratory medicine
2022

Saturated very long-chain fatty acids regulate macrophage plasticity and invasiveness.

Journal of neuroinflammation
2023

Neurocognitive and mental health impact of adrenoleukodystrophy across the lifespan: Insights for the era of newborn screening.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2022

Early recognition of patients with leukodystrophies.

Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care
2022

Cerebello-brainstem dominant form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy with intrafamilial phenotypic variability.

Frontiers in neurology
2022

Parental Depression and Anxiety Associated with Newborn Bloodspot Screening for Rare and Variable-Onset Disorders.

International journal of neonatal screening
2022

Diagnosis, treatment and genetic analysis of a case of skin hyperpigmentation as the only manifestation with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Yi chuan = Hereditas
2022

Structural and functional insights of the human peroxisomal ABC transporter ALDP.

eLife
2023

An update on the diagnosis and treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity
2022

Antioxidant Response in Human X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Fibroblasts.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2022

Detection of Characteristic Phosphatidylcholine Containing Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Biological &amp; pharmaceutical bulletin
2023

Sex-specific newborn screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2023

[Inborn error of metabolism and allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation: Guidelines from the SFGM-TC].

Bulletin du cancer
2023

Targeted Brain Delivery of Dendrimer-4-Phenylbutyrate Ameliorates Neurological Deficits in a Long-Term ABCD1-Deficient Mouse Model of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics
2022

Role of MRI in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy-A case report.

Radiology case reports
2022

Quantification of Very-Long-Chain and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
2022

Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids Quantification by Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
2022

Peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acid transport is targeted by herpesviruses and the antiviral host response.

Communications biology
2022

Spectrum of Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of 48 X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Patients: Our Experience from a University Hospital.

Neurology India
2022

High incidence of null variants identified from newborn screening of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in Taiwan.

Molecular genetics and metabolism reports
2022

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy caused by maternal ABCD1 mutation and paternal X chromosome inactivation.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine
2022

The White Matter Rounds experience: The importance of a multidisciplinary network to accelerate the diagnostic process for adult patients with rare white matter disorders.

Frontiers in neurology
2023

The physiological functions of human peroxisomes.

Physiological reviews
Ver todos os 685 no EuropePMC

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Doenças relacionadas

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Referências e fontes

Bases de dados externas citadas neste artigo

Publicações científicas

Artigos indexados no PubMed ligados a esta doença no grafo RarasNet — título, periódico e PMID direto da fonte, sem intermediação de IA.

  1. Natural History of Clinical Phenotypes and Their Biochemical Correlates in Adult X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.
    Journal of inherited metabolic disease· 2026· PMID 41853938mais citado
  2. Dysregulated lipid metabolism and hypomyelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout Zellweger mice.
    Frontiers in molecular neuroscience· 2026· PMID 41815956mais citado
  3. The Grey Zone Project: Risk-Based Classification of ABCD1 Variants in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.
    Journal of inherited metabolic disease· 2026· PMID 41663336mais citado
  4. [Status and prospects for neonatal screening of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy].
    Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics· 2026· PMID 41539963mais citado
  5. Evolution of the lipidome uncovers early changes in adrenoleukodystrophy human cortical and spinal organoids.
    iScience· 2026· PMID 41509916mais citado
  6. Pediatric X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: phenotypes, variants, and HSCT outcomes.
    Eur J Pediatr· 2026· PMID 41986485recente
  7. Nervonic acid supplementation mitigates disease severity biomarkers in adrenoleukodystrophy.
    Neurotherapeutics· 2026· PMID 41951494recente
  8. Prognostic Value of Neurofilament Light Chain and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in ALD-Related Myelopathy.
    Ann Clin Transl Neurol· 2026· PMID 41948987recente
  9. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy as an etiological cause of progressive spastic paraplegia: A case report.
    J Int Med Res· 2026· PMID 41871978recente
  10. Pretreatment blood NfL indicates response to cellular therapies in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy.
    Commun Med (Lond)· 2026· PMID 41862589recente

Bases de dados e fontes oficiais

Identificadores e referências canônicas usadas para montar este verbete.

  1. ORPHA:43(Orphanet)
  2. OMIM OMIM:300100(OMIM)
  3. MONDO:0018544(MONDO)
  4. GARD:5758(GARD (NIH))
  5. Variantes catalogadas(ClinVar)
  6. Busca completa no PubMed(PubMed)
  7. Artigo Wikipedia(Wikipedia)
  8. Q366964(Wikidata)

Dados compilados pelo RarasNet a partir de fontes abertas (Orphanet, OMIM, MONDO, PubMed/EuropePMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, DATASUS, PCDT/MS). Este conteúdo é informativo e não substitui avaliação médica.

Conteúdo mantido por Agente Raras · Médicos e pesquisadores podem colaborar

Adrenoleucodistrofia ligada ao X
Compêndio · Raras BR

Adrenoleucodistrofia ligada ao X

ORPHA:43 · MONDO:0018544
🇧🇷 Brasil SUS
CEAF
1AElivaldogene autotemcel
Geral
Prevalência
1-9 / 1 000 000
Herança
X-linked dominant
CID-10
E71.3 · Distúrbios do metabolismo de ácidos graxos
CID-11
Ensaios
12 ativos
Medicamentos
2 registrados
Início
Adolescent, Adult, Childhood, Elderly
Prevalência
0.8 (Norway)
MedGen
UMLS
C0007795
EuropePMC
Wikidata
Wikipedia
Papers 10a
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