Raras
Buscar doenças, sintomas, genes...
Síndrome de craniossinostose-anomalias esqueléticas e cerebelares-dificuldades de aprendizagem
ORPHA:672985CID-10 · Q87.0OMIM 616602DOENÇA RARA

Qualquer craniossinostose causada por uma mutação no gene ZIC1.

Mantido por Agente Raras·Colaborar como especialista →

Introdução

O que você precisa saber de cara

📋

Qualquer craniossinostose causada por uma mutação no gene ZIC1.

🏥
SUS: Cobertura mínimaScore: 35%
Centros em: PR, PA, PE, BA, CE +10CID-10: Q87.0
🇧🇷Dados SUS / DATASUS
PROCEDIMENTOS SIGTAP (5)
0202010503
Cariótipo — bandas G, Q ou Rgenetic_test
0202010600
Pesquisa de microdeleções/microduplicações por FISHlab_test
0202010694
Sequenciamento completo do exoma (WES)rehabilitation
0202010260
Dosagem de alfa-fetoproteína
0301070040
Atendimento em reabilitação — doenças raras
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O Raras está aqui pra te apoiar — com ou sem diagnóstico

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Entender a doença

Do básico ao detalhe, leia no seu ritmo

Preparando trilha educativa...

Sinais e sintomas

O que aparece no corpo e com que frequência cada sintoma acontece

Partes do corpo afetadas

🧠
Neurológico
4 sintomas
🦴
Ossos e articulações
3 sintomas
👁️
Olhos
2 sintomas
😀
Face
2 sintomas
🧬
Pele e cabelo
1 sintomas
👂
Ouvidos
1 sintomas

+ 13 sintomas em outras categorias

Características mais comuns

100%prev.
Craniossinostose
Frequência: 9/9
67%prev.
Sinostose bicoronal
Frequência: 6/9
67%prev.
Início na infância
Frequência: 6/9
56%prev.
Estrabismo
Frequência: 5/9
33%prev.
Hipotonia
Frequência: 3/9
33%prev.
Microcefalia
Frequência: 3/9
26sintomas
Muito frequente (1)
Frequente (8)
Ocasional (14)
Sem dados (3)

Os sintomas variam de pessoa para pessoa. Abaixo estão as 26 características clínicas mais associadas, ordenadas por frequência.

CraniossinostoseCraniosynostosis
Frequência: 9/9100%
Sinostose bicoronalBicoronal synostosis
Frequência: 6/967%
Início na infânciaInfantile onset
Frequência: 6/967%
EstrabismoStrabismus
Frequência: 5/956%
HipotoniaHypotonia
Frequência: 3/933%

Linha do tempo da pesquisa

Publicações por ano — veja quando o interesse científico cresceu
Anos de pesquisa3
Últimos 10 anos200publicações
Pico202592 papers
Linha do tempo
2023Hoje · 2026📈 2025Ano de pico
Publicações por ano (últimos 10 anos)

Encontrou um erro ou informação desatualizada? Sugira uma correção →

Genética e causas

O que está alterado no DNA e como passa nas famílias

Genes associados

1 gene identificado com associação a esta condição.

ZIC1Zinc finger protein ZIC 1Disease-causing germline mutation(s) inAltamente restrito
FUNÇÃO

Acts as a transcriptional activator. Involved in neurogenesis. Plays important roles in the early stage of organogenesis of the CNS, as well as during dorsal spinal cord development and maturation of the cerebellum. Involved in the spatial distribution of mossy fiber (MF) neurons within the pontine gray nucleus (PGN). Plays a role in the regulation of MF axon pathway choice. Promotes MF migration towards ipsilaterally-located cerebellar territories. May have a role in shear flow mechanotransduct

LOCALIZAÇÃO

NucleusCytoplasm

VIAS BIOLÓGICAS (2)
Specification of the neural plate borderTranscriptional and post-translational regulation of MITF-M expression and activity
MECANISMO DE DOENÇA

Craniosynostosis 6

A form of craniosynostosis, a primary abnormality of skull growth involving premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. The growth velocity of the skull often cannot match that of the developing brain resulting in an abnormal head shape and, in some cases, increased intracranial pressure, which must be treated promptly to avoid permanent neurodevelopmental disability.

EXPRESSÃO TECIDUAL(Tecido-específico)
Cérebro - Hemisfério cerebelar
426.0 TPM
Cerebelo
311.1 TPM
Fibroblastos
8.3 TPM
Brain Spinal cord cervical c-1
8.1 TPM
Hipotálamo
7.3 TPM
INTERAÇÕES PROTEICAS (4)
OUTRAS DOENÇAS (5)
structural brain anomalies with impaired intellectual development and craniosynostosiscraniosynostosis 6isolated Dandy-Walker malformation without hydrocephalusisolated Dandy-Walker malformation with hydrocephalus
HGNC:12872UniProt:Q15915

Variantes genéticas (ClinVar)

61 variantes patogênicas registradas no ClinVar.

🧬 ZIC1: GRCh37/hg19 3q22.1-29(chr3:132561657-197851986)x3 ()
🧬 ZIC1: NM_003412.4(ZIC1):c.1136A>G (p.Lys379Arg) ()
🧬 ZIC1: NM_003412.4(ZIC1):c.322_380dup (p.Phe128fs) ()
🧬 ZIC1: GRCh37/hg19 3q22.1-25.1(chr3:131235568-150065289)x1 ()
🧬 ZIC1: NM_003412.4(ZIC1):c.766G>T (p.Val256Phe) ()
Ver todas no ClinVar

Vias biológicas (Reactome)

2 vias biológicas associadas aos genes desta condição.

Diagnóstico

Os sinais que médicos procuram e os exames que confirmam

Carregando...

Tratamento e manejo

Remédios, cuidados de apoio e o que precisa acompanhar

Carregando informações de tratamento...

Onde tratar no SUS

Hospitais de referência no Brasil e o protocolo oficial do SUS (PCDT)

🇧🇷 Atendimento SUS — Síndrome de craniossinostose-anomalias esqueléticas e cerebelares-dificuldades de aprendizagem

Centros de Referência SUS

24 centros habilitados pelo SUS para Síndrome de craniossinostose-anomalias esqueléticas e cerebelares-dificuldades de aprendizagem

Centros para Síndrome de craniossinostose-anomalias esqueléticas e cerebelares-dificuldades de aprendizagem

Detalhes dos centros

Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos (HUPES)

R. Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n - Canela, Salvador - BA, 40110-060 · CNES 0003808

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do Metabolismo

Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin

R. Tertuliano Sales, 544 - Vila União, Fortaleza - CE, 60410-794 · CNES 2407876

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital de Apoio de Brasília (HAB)

AENW 3 Lote A Setor Noroeste - Plano Piloto, Brasília - DF, 70684-831 · CNES 0010456

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital Estadual Infantil e Maternidade Alzir Bernardino Alves (HIABA)

Av. Min. Salgado Filho, 918 - Soteco, Vila Velha - ES, 29106-010 · CNES 6631207

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital das Clínicas da UFG

Rua 235 QD. 68 Lote Área, Nº 285, s/nº - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia - GO, 74605-050 · CNES 2338424

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do Metabolismo

Hospital Universitário da UFJF

R. Catulo Breviglieri, Bairro - s/n - Santa Catarina, Juiz de Fora - MG, 36036-110 · CNES 2297442

Atenção Especializada

Rota
Anomalias Congênitas

Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG

Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 110 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte - MG, 30130-100 · CNES 2280167

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital Universitário Julio Müller (HUJM)

R. Luis Philippe Pereira Leite, s/n - Alvorada, Cuiabá - MT, 78048-902 · CNES 2726092

Atenção Especializada

Rota
Anomalias Congênitas

Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto

R. dos Mundurucus, 4487 - Guamá, Belém - PA, 66073-000 · CNES 2337878

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley (HULW)

R. Tabeliao Estanislau Eloy, 585 - Castelo Branco, João Pessoa - PB, 58050-585 · CNES 0002470

Atenção Especializada

Rota
Anomalias Congênitas

Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP)

R. dos Coelhos, 300 - Boa Vista, Recife - PE, 50070-902 · CNES 0000647

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital Pequeno Príncipe

R. Des. Motta, 1070 - Água Verde, Curitiba - PR, 80250-060 · CNES 3143805

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá (HUM)

Av. Mandacaru, 1590 - Parque das Laranjeiras, Maringá - PR, 87083-240 · CNES 2216108

Atenção Especializada

Rota
Anomalias Congênitas

Hospital de Clínicas da UFPR

R. Gen. Carneiro, 181 - Alto da Glória, Curitiba - PR, 80060-900 · CNES 2364980

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE-UERJ)

Blvd. 28 de Setembro, 77 - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 20551-030 · CNES 2280221

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do Metabolismo

Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira (IFF/Fiocruz)

Av. Rui Barbosa, 716 - Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22250-020 · CNES 2269988

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS

Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre - RS, 90610-000 · CNES 2232928

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do Metabolismo

Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)

Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Bloco A - Av. Protásio Alves, 211 - Bloco B e C - Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-903 · CNES 2237601

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital Universitário da UFSC (HU-UFSC)

R. Profa. Maria Flora Pausewang - Trindade, Florianópolis - SC, 88036-800 · CNES 2560356

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do Metabolismo

Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP

R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 225 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo - SP, 05403-010 · CNES 2077485

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto

Av. Brg. Faria Lima, 5544 - Vila Sao Jose, São José do Rio Preto - SP, 15090-000 · CNES 2079798

Atenção Especializada

Rota
Anomalias Congênitas

Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP

R. Vital Brasil, 251 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas - SP, 13083-888 · CNES 2748223

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

Hospital de Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCRP-USP)

R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 3900 - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, 14015-010 · CNES 2082187

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do MetabolismoDeficiência Intelectual

UNIFESP / Hospital São Paulo

R. Napoleão de Barros, 715 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo - SP, 04024-002 · CNES 2688689

Serviço de Referência

Rota
Anomalias CongênitasErros Inatos do Metabolismo
Sobre os centros SUS: Estes centros são habilitados pelo Ministério da Saúde como Serviços de Referência em Doenças Raras ou Serviços de Atenção Especializada. O atendimento é pelo SUS, com encaminhamento da rede de atenção básica.

Dados de DATASUS/CNES, SBGM, ABNeuro e Ministério da Saúde. Sempre confirme a disponibilidade diretamente com o estabelecimento.

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Publicações mais relevantes

Timeline de publicações
0 papers (10 anos)
#1

Znhit3 regulates p53/p21 signaling and governs cerebellar granule cell development.

Cell death and differentiation2026 Mar 19

Mutations in ZNHIT3 are strongly associated with progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO syndrome), characterized by severe cerebellar atrophy and profound intellectual disability; however, their role in cerebellar development remains unknown. By developing spatiotemporally-regulated conditional Znhit3 knockout mice, we discovered that Znhit3 is essential for granule cell progenitor survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Knockout of Znhit3 caused loss of granule cell progenitors due to apoptosis, premature cell-cycle exit, and migration arrest and resulted in progressive anterior-lobe atrophy and motor deficits. The granule cell progenitor-autonomous defects secondarily impaired Purkinje cell alignment, dendritic maturation, and synaptic organization. Transcriptomic analyses revealed activation of the p53/p21 pathway, rRNA processing defects, and nucleolar stress. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of p53/p21 signaling rescued granule cell progenitor development and restored cerebellar architecture in the Znhit3-knockout mice. Thus, ZNHIT3 is a critical regulator of ribosome biogenesis and cerebellar growth, suggesting nucleolar stress-p53/p21 signaling as a potential therapeutic target in ZNHIT3-related disorders.

#2

Child Neurology: Multiple Genetic Etiologies Causing Dandy-Walker Variant With Microcephaly, Epilepsy, and Global Developmental Delay.

Neurology2026 Apr 14

Dandy-Walker syndrome is typically characterized by near-complete cerebellar vermis agenesis, enlarged posterior fossa, and dilated fourth ventricle. By contrast, Dandy-Walker variant (DWv) shows milder features, typically characterized by partial agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, mild enlargement of the posterior fossa, and variable dilation of the fourth ventricle. Both conditions are usually associated with normal or enlarged head circumference. We report a 16-month-old girl presenting with congenital microcephaly, frequent seizures, and severe global developmental delay. Brain MRI revealed findings consistent with DWv, which did not explain the severity of her clinical symptoms or her microcephaly. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed multiple regions of homozygosity on chromosome 11, indicating potential recessive inheritance; karyotype analysis and mitochondrial testing showed no clear etiology. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous variant (NM_021096.4:c.4891T>A/p.Phe1631Ile) in CACNA1I and a homozygous variant (NM_002335.4:c.1310C>T/p.Thr437Met) in LRP5. Variants in CACNA1I are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy and developmental delay, while variants in LRP5 are linked to osteoporosis and microcephaly. Based on the clinical presentation and molecular findings, we hypothesize that both variants contributed to the patient's complex phenotype. This case highlights that in patients with unusually severe or atypical manifestations, the possibility of multiple genetic pathogenic contributions should be considered, and comprehensive genomic evaluation is essential for accurate diagnosis and management.

#3

PRPS1 (p.V42L) Mutation in Arts Syndrome Induces Aberrant Neural Stem Cell Development and Neuronal Senescence-Like Phenotype: Rescue by Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation.

International journal of stem cells2026 Mar 06

Arts syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive neurodevelopmental disorder arising from pathogenic variants in PRPS1, which encodes phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1-an enzyme essential for de novo nucleotide biosynthesis. Affected individuals typically exhibit sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual disability, cerebellar ataxia, and recurrent infections. However, despite the severity of these clinical manifestations, therapeutic interventions remain limited, largely due to an incomplete understanding of the cellular pathophysiology underlying the disorder. In this study, we generated patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells harboring the PRPS1 p.V42L variant and differentiated them into neural stem cells (NSCs) and neurons to elucidate disease mechanisms and explore potential therapeutic strategies. Patient-derived NSCs demonstrated significantly reduced proliferative capacity, aberrant nuclear morphology, and increased neuronal senescence, while mitochondrial integrity and function were largely preserved. Neurons differentiated from these NSCs exhibited impaired neurite outgrowth and reduced branching complexity, indicative of disrupted neurodevelopmental processes. Notably, supplementation with nicotinamide mononucleotide, a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), partially ameliorated defects in NSC proliferation, nuclear architecture, and neuronal morphology. Collectively, these findings delineate key cellular mechanisms underlying PRPS1-associated neurodevelopmental pathology and identify NAD+ metabolic augmentation as a promising therapeutic avenue for Arts syndrome and related PRPS1-mediated disorders.

#4

Neurological Consequences of Infantile Vitamin B12 Deficiency - A Prospective Cohort Study.

Pediatric neurology2026 Apr

The purpose of this research is to study the neurological consequences of infantile vitamin B12 deficiency on the developing brain. A prospective cohort study was done in consecutive children with Infantile B12 deficiency. Clinical evaluation, developmental assessment, blood investigations, and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were performed at baseline and after therapy with injectable vitamin B12. Among 141 children (median age-13 months), developmental delay was observed in 131 (93%), and 79 (56%) had regression. Eighty (57%) babies had head circumference of < -2 Z score. At baseline, the MRI of the brain was abnormal in 137 (97.2%), showing thinning of corpus callosum (n = 133, 94.3%), cerebral cortical atrophy (n = 128, 90.8%), cerebellar atrophy (n = 126, 89.4%), atrophy of midbrain (n = 81, 57.4%) and pons (n = 78, 55.3%). A follow-up MRI done in 98 (69.5%) showed 66 (67%) had one or more residual abnormalities. The baseline full-scale developmental quotient was 22 (interquartile range: 13-30), while the follow-up full-scale developmental quotient score was 47.5 (interquartile range: 42.5-55). Seventy-nine (67.5%) had a follow-up developmental quotient of less than 50, implying moderate to severe developmental retardation. Despite therapy, children affected by the infantile B12 deficiency syndrome have significant lasting effects on the brain, evident as poor head growth, developmental deficits, and residual brain imaging changes.

#5

Two siblings with CCDC32-related cardiofacioneurodevelopmental syndrome diagnosed by clinical RNA-sequencing and review of literature.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG2026 Feb 04

Cardiofacioneurodevelopmental syndrome (CFNDS, MIM:619123) is a rare genetic disorder caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in CCDC32. So far, CFNDS has only been described in four living individuals and one terminated fetus from four families, and the clinical phenotype can include microcephaly, facial malformations, developmental delay, cerebellar hypoplasia, and cardiac anomalies. We present a family with two affected individuals who were diagnosed through clinical RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) after conventional DNA diagnostics did not yield a molecular cause. Skipping of two exons in CCDC32 transcript was identified, consistent with a bi-allelic deletion including exons 3 and 4 of CCDC32. This deletion was not detected in previous SNP array analyses and trio exome sequencing focusing on genes related to intellectual disability and congenital malformations, highlighting the complementary value of RNA-seq. Furthermore, we review the clinical phenotype of this rare disorder and its potential disease mechanisms.

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Znhit3 regulates p53/p21 signaling and governs cerebellar granule cell development.

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Child Neurology: Multiple Genetic Etiologies Causing Dandy-Walker Variant With Microcephaly, Epilepsy, and Global Developmental Delay.

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PRPS1 (p.V42L) Mutation in Arts Syndrome Induces Aberrant Neural Stem Cell Development and Neuronal Senescence-Like Phenotype: Rescue by Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation.

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Expanding the neurological spectrum of HTLV-1 beyond HAM/TSP: a contemporary perspective.

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Clinical Framework for Motor Rehabilitation in Parkinsonism: Integrating Individualized and Syndrome-Specific Approaches.

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Daflon attenuates cisplatin-induced cerebellar neurotoxicity, anxiety-like behavior, and motor dysfunction by downregulating TLR4/NF-kB signaling.

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WDR81 Mutation in Two Siblings: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

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Diagnostic odyssey of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and barriers to early detection.

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Case Report: A 1-year progression of mediolateral gait instability during tandem walking in FXTAS.

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EPG5-Related Disorders in Seven New Patients: Refining the Phenotypic Spectrum and Insights on Phenotype-Genotype Correlations.

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ADNP Exhibits Methyltransferase Activity in Overexpression Systems and Modulates DNA and Histone Methylation.

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A Novel Mouse Model for Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy by Purkinje Cell-Specific Deletion of Scn1b.

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Bridging Genotype to Phenotype in KMT5B-Related Syndrome: Evidence from RNA-Seq, 18FDG-PET, Clinical Deep Phenotyping in Two New Cases, and a Literature Review.

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Motor, cognitive, affective, and communication outcomes in patients with sustained remission of opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome.

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Understanding cognitive features of cervical dystonia: application of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome scale (CCAS-S).

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)
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De Novo Heterozygous ZFX Frameshift Variant in a Female With an X-Linked Neurodevelopmental Disorder.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
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Case 341: Infratentorial Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Associated with Interferon-β in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.

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Lance-Adams Syndrome: An Updated Review of a Rare Post-Hypoxic Complication.

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Diagnostic Challenges in Fahr's Disease: A Rare Case of Extensive Basal Ganglia Calcifications.

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Novel neuropathological observations in an adult with Dravet syndrome.

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Speech and Language Development of Two Brothers With Bainbridge-Ropers Syndrome: Phenotypic and Bioinformatic Support for a Cerebellar ASXL3 Hypothesis.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
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Spatial perspective taking is impaired in spinocerebellar ataxias and Friedreich ataxia.

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A comparative study on clinico-radiological profile, treatment responses and outcomes of double seronegative NMOSD compared to AQP4-IgG positive NMOSD, and MOGAD.

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Natural history of SPTBN4-related neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, neuropathy, and deafness.

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Poretti-Boltshauser Syndrome: A Potential Pathognomonic "Wolfjaw" Pattern of Retinal Perfusion.

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Neurological Complications in Inborn Errors of Immunity: A Scoping Review of Clinical Spectrum, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Strategies.

Clinical reviews in allergy &amp; immunology
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Prenatal and postnatal findings in cerebellofaciodental syndrome: a rare genetic disorder.

Clinical dysmorphology
2025

Expanding the Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Phenotypes of Tetratricopeptide 19 (TTC19) Gene Mutations: A Case Report from India.

Neurology India
2025

Functional Assessment of the Subjects with Unertan Syndrome: 10 Years Follow-Up Study.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2025

Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy as a Novel Clinical Hallmark of SCA21.

Neuropediatrics
2025

Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome can be characterized as an endosomal recyclinopathy.

Science translational medicine
2025

Neuropathy in GAA-FGF14 Late-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia (SCA27B): Prevalence and Characteristics.

European journal of neurology
2025

Expansion of the Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum of TCTN3-Related Joubert Syndrome.

Genes
2025

Cerebellum-Predominant Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: An Under-recognized Cause of Cerebellar Syndrome among People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Neurology India
2025

POLR3A rare variants in a patient with intellectual disability, ataxic gait and cortical malformations: a case-report.

Italian journal of pediatrics
2025

Case Series of Prenatally Diagnosed Cri du Chat Syndrome With Associated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings.

Pediatric neurology
2025

French guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pure hereditary spastic paraplegia.

Revue neurologique
2025

A case series of joubert syndrome evaluated with whole exome sequencing and the utility of optical genome mapping in the diagnosis.

Neurogenetics
2025

Abnormal brain networks in Meiges syndrome based on centrality analysis and functional network connectivity: a cross-sectional analysis.

Brain imaging and behavior
2025

Phenotypic Spectrum of KATNIP-Associated Joubert Syndrome: Possible Association with Esophageal Atresia and Review of the Literature.

Genes
2025

Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitor Suppresses CASK Deficiency-Induced Cerebellar Granular Cell Death in MICPCH Syndrome Model Mice.

Cells
2025

A 19q13 microdeletion syndrome presenting with punding, frangophilia, hypermetamorphosis, frontal lobe and vermal hypoplasia, with depression misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, treated with mirtazapine.

Psychiatric genetics
2025

Globally Reduced Brain Volume in Rett Syndrome.

Pediatric neurology
2025

Neurological findings in a cohort of adults with down syndrome.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
2025

Novel biallelic NUP107 variants affect the nuclear pore complex and expand the clinical spectrum to include brain malformations.

Journal of medical genetics
2025

Pediatric Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome can Lead to Long-Term Neurological, Neuropsychological, and Cognitive Sequelae Associated with Cerebellar Atrophy.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2025

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Antibody-Associated Pure Cerebellar Ataxia and Stiff Person Syndrome Spectrum Disorders: A Single-Center Cohort Study.

European journal of neurology
2025

Core diagnostic features of stiff person syndrome: insights from a case-control study.

Journal of neurology
2025

Further Delineation of the AUTS2 HX Repeat Domain-Related Phenotype.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2025

Expanding the spectrum of ATP8A2 mutations: a new splicing variant and systematic review of CAMRQ4 syndrome.

Molecular biology reports
2025

Cerebellar Ataxia-deafness-narcolepsy (ADCA) syndrome. Description of a variable family phenotype.

Acta neurologica Belgica
2025

De Novo Splice-Site Variant in DKC1 in a Female With Clinical Features of Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson Syndrome.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2025

Neuroanatomical features of NAA10 and NAA15-related neurodevelopmental syndromes.

Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie
2025

Sensory Dysfunction in ALS and Other Motor Neuron Diseases: Clinical Relevance, Histopathology, Neurophysiology, and Insights from Neuroimaging.

Biomedicines
2025

Diffuse but Non-homogeneous Brain Atrophy: Identification of Specific Brain Regions and Their Correlation with Clinical Severity in Rett Syndrome.

Brain &amp; development
2025

Motor markers of congenital cerebellar hypoplasia.

Neuropsychologia
2025

Natural history of patients with autosomal dominant WFS1 pathogenic variants associated with sensorineural hearing loss and optic atrophy.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
2025

Biallelic variants in GTF3C3 encoding a subunit of the TFIIIC2 complex are associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes in humans and zebrafish.

Brain communications
2025

Autistic behavior is a common outcome of biallelic disruption of PDZD8 in humans and mice.

Molecular autism
2025

Cerebellar Ataxia, Impaired Intellectual Development, and Disequilibrium Syndrome-2: A Case Report.

Cureus
2025

The Clinical and Molecular Spectrum of Patients With X-Linked Intellectual Disability and Novel Variations in Different Genes.

Pediatric neurology
2025

Movement Disorders in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia.

Movement disorders clinical practice
2025

Clinical, biological, and neuroimaging profiles for motoric cognitive risk syndrome in older adults: The MIND-China study.

Journal of internal medicine
2025

Reevaluation of the Impact of the Novel Likely Pathogenic Variant c.1286_1288delAGA in the ATP8A2 Gene: A 7-Year Follow-Up With Clinical, Genetic, and ACMG Insights in an Iranian Family.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2025

Poretti-Boltshauser Syndrome: A Report of Two Cases From Bahrain With a Novel Mutation and Literature Review.

Cureus
2025

Phenotypic variability in two siblings with Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome.

Global medical genetics
2025

Smartphone postural sway and pronator drift tests as measures of neurological disability.

BMC neurology
2025

Viral vector-mediated SLC9A6 gene replacement reduces cerebellar dysfunction in the shaker rat model of Christianson syndrome.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
2025

Azygos Vein Stenosis in Frontotemporal Dementia Sagging Brain Syndrome.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology
2024

Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Down Syndrome: Assessing Structural and Functional Deficits.

Cureus
2025

Novel Meningoencephalomyelitis Associated With Vimentin IgG Autoantibodies.

JAMA neurology
2025

An X-Linked Ataxia Syndrome in a Family with Hearing Loss Associated with a Novel Variant in the BCAP31 Gene.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society
2025

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Responses in Pediatric Neurofascin 155-IgG4 Autoimmune Nodopathy.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology &amp; neuroinflammation
2025

RORA-neurodevelopmental disorder: A unique triad of developmental disabilities, cerebellar anomalies, and myoclonic seizures.

Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics
2024

Brain volumes, cognitive, and adaptive skills in school-age children with Down syndrome.

Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders
2025

Structural and functional properties of the N- and C-terminal segments of the P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase ATP8A2.

The Journal of biological chemistry
2025

Non-malignant features of cancer predisposition syndromes manifesting in childhood and adolescence: a guide for the general pediatrician.

World journal of pediatrics : WJP
2024

Tbx1 haploinsufficiency leads to local skull deformity, paraflocculus and flocculus dysplasia, and motor-learning deficit in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Nature communications
2025

Biallelic variants in GTF3C3 result in an autosomal recessive disorder with intellectual disability.

Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics
2024

N-Acetylcysteine Counteracts Immune Dysfunction and Autism-Related Behaviors in the Shank3b Mouse Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2025

Novel BRAT1 Deep Intronic Variant Affects Splicing Regulatory Elements Causing Cerebellar Hypoplasia Syndrome: Genotypic and Phenotypic Expansion.

Clinical genetics
2025

Expanding the phenotyping spectrum of Witteveen Kolk syndrome: first report of generalized dystonia and cerebellar ataxia.

Acta neurologica Belgica
2025

De novo missense variants in the PP2A regulatory subunit PPP2R2B in a neurodevelopmental syndrome: potential links to mitochondrial dynamics and spinocerebellar ataxias.

Human molecular genetics
2025

A Novel Compound Heterozygous Genotype of the WDR73 Gene Associated With a Psychomotor Retardation Syndrome Without Cerebellar Atrophy and Other CNS Structural Abnormalities.

Clinical genetics
2024

PHARC syndrome: an overview.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2024

Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy Action Strategy for an Acute Case of Lateral Medullary Syndrome: A Case Report.

Cureus
2024

Pediatric Spinal Vascular Abnormalities: Overview, Diagnosis, and Management.

Neuroimaging clinics of North America
2025

CACNA1A haploinsufficiency leads to reduced synaptic function and increased intrinsic excitability.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2025

New Insights Into TRMT10A Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review.

American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics
2024

Case report: Neuroacanthocytosis associated with novel variants in the VPS13A gene with concomitant nucleotide expansion for CANVAS and assessment with osmotic gradient ektacytometry.

Frontiers in neuroscience
2025

Biallelic missense CEP55 variants cause prenatal MARCH syndrome.

Journal of human genetics
2024

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: Expanding the Neuropathological Spectrum and Clinical Correlations.

Fetal and pediatric pathology
2025

Consolidating the Role of Mutated ATP2B2 in Neurodevelopmental and Cerebellar Pathologies.

Clinical genetics
2024

Atlantoaxial Instability due to Os Odontoideum in a Child with Christianson Syndrome.

Molecular syndromology
2024

[Genetic analysis of a fetus with Coffin-Siris syndrome 2 due to a novel variant of ARID1A gene].

Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics
2025

[Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and vertebrobasilar ischemia. From cerebello-cerebral diaschisis to "dysmetria of thought"].

Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki
2024

Neural precursor cells rescue symptoms of Rett syndrome by activation of the Interferon γ pathway.

EMBO molecular medicine
2024

Clinical Course of Neurologic Adverse Events Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Focus on Chronic Toxicities.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology &amp; neuroinflammation
2024

The overlapping of phenotypes in Wiedemann-Steiner, Kleefstra and Coffin-Siris syndromes: a study of eleven patients.

Italian journal of pediatrics
2024

CACNA1G Causes Dominantly Inherited Myoclonus-Ataxia with Intellectual Disability: A Case Report.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2024

Christianson syndrome across the lifespan: genetic mutations and longitudinal study in children, adolescents, and adults.

Journal of medical genetics
2024

Nerve ultrasound in CANVAS-spectrum disease: Reduced nerve size distinguishes genetically confirmed CANVAS from other axonal polyneuropathies.

Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS
2024

Developmental, Cognitive, Ocular Motor, and Neuroimaging Findings Related to SUFU Haploinsufficiency: Unraveling Subtle and Highly Variable Phenotypes.

Pediatric neurology
2024

Phenotypic Spectrum and Natural History of Gillespie Syndrome. An Updated Literature Review with 2 New Cases.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2024

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Cerebellar Toxicity: Clinical Features and Comparison with Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Ataxia.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2024

Natural history of non-polyglutamine CACNA1A disease in Austria.

Journal of neurology
2024

Exome sequencing confirms the clinical diagnosis of both joubert syndrome and klinefelter syndrome with keratoconus in a han Chinese family.

Frontiers in genetics
2024

SRPK3 Is Essential for Cognitive and Ocular Development in Humans and Zebrafish, Explaining X-Linked Intellectual Disability.

Annals of neurology
2024

A novel missense variant in the ATPase domain of ATP8A2 and review of phenotypic variability of ATP8A2-related disorders caused by missense changes.

Neurogenetics
2024

Diagnostic MRI Score to Differentiate Susac Syndrome from Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System and Multiple Sclerosis.

Annals of neurology
2024

Prenatal diagnosis of a 15q24.1 microdeletion in a fetus with cerebral and urogenital abnormalities.

Clinical genetics
2024

Identification of novel variants in BRF1 gene from patient with developmental delay, hearing abnormality, and nervous system anomalies.

International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience
2024

Neuroanatomical Features of NAA10- and NAA15-Related Neurodevelopmental Syndromes.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
2024

De novo and inherited monoallelic variants in TUBA4A cause ataxia and spasticity.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2024

Microcornea, cerebellar hypoplasia and hyperlax joints-unusual combo in rare Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-musculocontractural type 1.

BMJ case reports
2024

CASK pathogenic variant which expands the clinical spectrum for MICPCH syndrome in an adult patient.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2024

Expanding the clinical phenotype and genetic spectrum of GEMIN5 disorders: Early-infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Brain and behavior
2024

Rescue of myocytes and locomotion through AAV2/9-2YF intracisternal gene therapy in a rat model of creatine transporter deficiency.

Molecular therapy. Methods &amp; clinical development
2024

Lance-Adams Syndrome in the Intensive Care Unit: A Case Report.

Cureus
2024

Structural deviations of the posterior fossa and the cerebellum and their cognitive links in a neurodevelopmental deletion syndrome.

Molecular psychiatry
2024

Bedside clinical assessment of patients with common upper limb tremor and algorithmic approach.

Asian biomedicine : research, reviews and news
2024

Zmiz1 is a novel regulator of brain development associated with autism and intellectual disability.

Frontiers in psychiatry
2024

ADNP dysregulates methylation and mitochondrial gene expression in the cerebellum of a Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome autopsy case.

Acta neuropathologica communications
2024

Clinical, Neuroimaging, and Metabolic Footprint of the Neurodevelopmental Disorder Caused by Monoallelic HK1 Variants.

Neurology. Genetics
2024

Clinical and Molecular Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive CA8-Related Cerebellar Ataxia.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society
2024

Joubert syndrome-derived induced pluripotent stem cells show altered neuronal differentiation in vitro.

Cell and tissue research
2024

Loss-of-function variant in spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase like 1 (SATL1) gene as an underlying cause of autism spectrum disorder.

Scientific reports
2024

Vestibular Testing and Impairments in Postoperative Pediatric Cerebellar Mutism Syndrome: A Case Series.

Pediatric neurology
2024

Functional and in silico analysis of ATP8A2 and other P4-ATPase variants associated with human genetic diseases.

Disease models &amp; mechanisms
2024

Case Report: An Adult Case of Poretti-Boltshauser Syndrome Diagnosed by Medical Checkup.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2024

Measurement of synaptic density in Down syndrome using PET imaging: a pilot study.

Scientific reports
2024

Novel genotype-phenotype correlations, differential cerebellar allele-specific methylation, and a common origin of the (ATTTC)n insertion in spinocerebellar ataxia type 37.

Human genetics
2024

PGAP2-Related Hyperphosphatasia-Mental Retardation Syndrome: Report of a Novel Patient, Toward a Broadening of Phenotypic Spectrum and Therapeutic Perspectives.

Neuropediatrics
2024

Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome with long-term features of autism spectrum disorder: evidence in a 9-year-old girl after vermian medulloblastoma surgery.

Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence
2024

Understanding the role of AMPA receptors in autism: insights from circuit and synapse dysfunction.

Frontiers in psychiatry
2024

A novel ACTB variant in an atypical case of Baraitser-Winter syndrome with cerebellar hypoplasia and diaphragmatic hernia.

Clinical dysmorphology
2024

Cerebellar Heterotopia: Broadening the Neuroradiological Spectrum of KBG Syndrome.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2023

Investigating brain alterations in the Dp1Tyb mouse model of Down syndrome.

Neurobiology of disease
2024

A genetic variant in the MAST1 gene is associated with mega-corpus-callosum syndrome with hypoplastic cerebellar vermis, in a fetus.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2024

The effects of response disequilibrium on social media use: A laboratory analogue.

Behavioural processes
2023

IRF2BPL Causes Mild Intellectual Disability Followed by Late-Onset Ataxia.

Neurology. Genetics
2024

Role of the repeat expansion size in predicting age of onset and severity in RFC1 disease.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2023

Multiple sclerosis under the age of ten: the challenge of a rare diagnosis in a special population - a case series.

Frontiers in neuroscience
2024

Abnormal Neurologic Findings in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease Without a History of Major Neurologic Events.

Neurology. Clinical practice
2024

Craniocervical instability in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes: outcomes analysis following occipito-cervical fusion.

Neurosurgical review
2023

Late-onset stiff-person syndrome: challenges in diagnosis and management.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders
2023

Coenzyme Q10: A Biomarker in the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2023

Untangling adaptive functioning of PMM2-CDG across age and its impact on parental stress: a cross-sectional study.

Scientific reports
2024

A novel NONO nonsense variant in a fetus with renal abnormalities.

Prenatal diagnosis
2023

Compound Heterozygosity in Cerebellar Ataxia, Mental Retardation, and Disequilibrium Syndrome Type 4.

Prilozi (Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. Oddelenie za medicinski nauki)
2024

Expanding clinical profiles and prognostic markers in stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders.

Journal of neurology
2023

A case report of anti-GAD65 antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis in children associated with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-II and literature review.

Frontiers in immunology
2024

Splicing variant of WDR37 in a case of Neurooculocardiogenitourinary syndrome.

Brain &amp; development
2023

Neurological disease in xeroderma pigmentosum: prospective cohort study of its features and progression.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2023

Ataxia Syndrome With Hearing Loss and Nephronophthisis Associated With a Novel Homozygous Variant in XPNPEP3.

Neurology. Genetics
2024

Genetic Insights into the causal relationship between cannabis use and diabetic phenotypes: A genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization study.

Drug and alcohol dependence
2023

Christianson Syndrome across the Lifespan: An International Longitudinal Study in Children, Adolescents, and Adults.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
2024

Diversity and Surgical Management of Intracranial Fungal Infections.

The Journal of craniofacial surgery
2024

Detailed Analysis of ITPR1 Missense Variants Guides Diagnostics and Therapeutic Design.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society
2024

Bi-allelic ACBD6 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome with progressive and complex movement disorders.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2024

Nanopore long-read sequencing analysis reveals ZIC1 dysregulation caused by a de novo 3q inversion with a breakpoint located 7 kb downstream of ZIC1.

Journal of human genetics
2024

Undifferentiated psychosis or schizophrenia associated with vermis-predominant cerebellar hypoplasia.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2024

Phenotypic variability in Joubert syndrome is partially explained by ciliary pathophysiology.

Annals of human genetics
2024

Monocular Torsional Oscillopsia in Dentato-olivary Disconnection.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2024

Two novel cases of biallelic SMPD4 variants with brain structural abnormalities.

Neurogenetics
2023

Compound heterozygous mutations in the helicase RTEL1 causing Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome with Blake`s pouch cyst: a case report.

The Turkish journal of pediatrics
2024

Panoramic variation analysis of a family with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by biallelic loss-of-function variants in TMEM141, DDHD2, and LHFPL5.

Frontiers of medicine
2023

Advanced Optical Microscopy: Unveiling Functional Insights Regarding a Novel PPP2R1A Variant and Its Unreported Phenotype.

International journal of molecular sciences
2023

Grey-matter correlates of empathy in 4-Repeat Tauopathies.

NPJ Parkinson's disease
2023

Assessment of Multiple Aspects of Upper Extremity Function Independent From Ambulation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis.

International journal of MS care
2023

ATP2B2 de novo variants as a cause of variable neurodevelopmental disorders that feature dystonia, ataxia, intellectual disability, behavioral symptoms, and seizures.

Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics
2024

Assessment and tailored physical rehabilitation approaches in persons with cerebellar impairments targeting mobility and walking according to the International Classification of Functioning: a systematic review of case-reports and case-series.

Disability and rehabilitation
2024

Clinical and genetic characterization of a Chinese family with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 7.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2023

Neuroimaging research in Williams syndrome: Beginning to bridge the gap with clinical care.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

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Doenças relacionadas

Doenças com sintomas parecidos — ajudam quem ainda está buscando diagnóstico

Ordenadas pelo número de sintomas em comum.

Referências e fontes

Bases de dados externas citadas neste artigo

Publicações científicas

Artigos indexados no PubMed ligados a esta doença no grafo RarasNet — título, periódico e PMID direto da fonte, sem intermediação de IA.

  1. Znhit3 regulates p53/p21 signaling and governs cerebellar granule cell development.
    Cell death and differentiation· 2026· PMID 41857137mais citado
  2. Child Neurology: Multiple Genetic Etiologies Causing Dandy-Walker Variant With Microcephaly, Epilepsy, and Global Developmental Delay.
    Neurology· 2026· PMID 41791021mais citado
  3. PRPS1 (p.V42L) Mutation in Arts Syndrome Induces Aberrant Neural Stem Cell Development and Neuronal Senescence-Like Phenotype: Rescue by Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation.
    International journal of stem cells· 2026· PMID 41787648mais citado
  4. Neurological Consequences of Infantile Vitamin B12 Deficiency - A Prospective Cohort Study.
    Pediatric neurology· 2026· PMID 41653777mais citado
  5. Two siblings with CCDC32-related cardiofacioneurodevelopmental syndrome diagnosed by clinical RNA-sequencing and review of literature.
    European journal of human genetics : EJHG· 2026· PMID 41639596mais citado
  6. Tracheal cartilaginous sleeve prevalence in syndromic craniosynostosis: A single institution study.
    Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol· 2026· PMID 41637834recente
  7. Early posterior cranial vault distraction in syndromic craniosynostosis: orbital and ocular changes.
    Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg· 2026· PMID 41102056recente
  8. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from patients with FGFR2-linked syndromic craniosynostosis.
    Dis Model Mech· 2025· PMID 40843495recente
  9. Syndromic Craniosynostosis: The Hidden Burden of Comorbidities on Surgical Outcomes.
    Ann Plast Surg· 2025· PMID 40498970recente
  10. Determining the cause of optic nerve atrophy in syndromic craniosynostosis using logistic regression.
    Int Ophthalmol· 2025· PMID 40159524recente

Bases de dados e fontes oficiais

Identificadores e referências canônicas usadas para montar este verbete.

  1. ORPHA:672985(Orphanet)
  2. OMIM OMIM:616602(OMIM)
  3. MONDO:0014705(MONDO)
  4. GARD:18048(GARD (NIH))
  5. Variantes catalogadas(ClinVar)
  6. Busca completa no PubMed(PubMed)

Dados compilados pelo RarasNet a partir de fontes abertas (Orphanet, OMIM, MONDO, PubMed/EuropePMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, DATASUS, PCDT/MS). Este conteúdo é informativo e não substitui avaliação médica.

Conteúdo mantido por Agente Raras · Médicos e pesquisadores podem colaborar

Síndrome de craniossinostose-anomalias esqueléticas e cerebelares-dificuldades de aprendizagem
Compêndio · Raras BR

Síndrome de craniossinostose-anomalias esqueléticas e cerebelares-dificuldades de aprendizagem

ORPHA:672985 · MONDO:0014705
CID-10
Q87.0 · Síndromes com malformações congênitas afetando predominantemente o aspecto da face
MedGen
UMLS
C5925086
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