Acts as a transcriptional activator. Involved in neurogenesis. Plays important roles in the early stage of organogenesis of the CNS, as well as during dorsal spinal cord development and maturation of the cerebellum. Involved in the spatial distribution of mossy fiber (MF) neurons within the pontine gray nucleus (PGN). Plays a role in the regulation of MF axon pathway choice. Promotes MF migration towards ipsilaterally-located cerebellar territories. May have a role in shear flow mechanotransduct

NucleusCytoplasm

Craniosynostosis 6

A form of craniosynostosis, a primary abnormality of skull growth involving premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. The growth velocity of the skull often cannot match that of the developing brain resulting in an abnormal head shape and, in some cases, increased intracranial pressure, which must be treated promptly to avoid permanent neurodevelopmental disability.

As a component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in ciliogenesis and ciliary protein trafficking (PubMed:21473986, PubMed:28400947, PubMed:29220510). May promote CASP3 activation and TNF-stimulated apoptosis

Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosomeCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium axonemeCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal body

Cranioectodermal dysplasia 2

A disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal and ectodermal abnormalities. Clinical features include short stature, dolichocephaly, craniosynostosis, narrow thorax with pectus excavatum, short limbs, brachydactyly, joint laxity, narrow palpebral fissures, telecanthus with hypertelorism, low-set simple ears, everted lower lip, and short neck. Teeth abnormalities include widely spaced, hypoplastic and fused teeth.

Zinc finger nuclear factor involved in transcription by regulating chromatin structure and organization (PubMed:20219459, PubMed:21570965). Involved in the pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem cells by regulating SOX2, POU5F1/OCT4, and NANOG (PubMed:21570965). By binding PBX1, prevents the heterodimerization of PBX1 and HOXA9 and their binding to DNA (By similarity). Regulates neuronal development and neural cell differentiation (PubMed:21570965)

Nucleus

Weiss-Kruszka syndrome

An autosomal dominant, multiple congenital anomaly syndrome with variable expressivity and complete penetrance. Patients manifest developmental delay, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, craniofacial abnormalities including ptosis, abnormal head shape, downslanting palpebral fissures, metopic ridging, and craniosynostosis. Variable congenital heart defects can be observed in some patients. A few patients show agenesis of the corpus callosum on brain imaging.

As a component of IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in ciliogenesis (PubMed:28400947, PubMed:28973684). Involved in retrograde ciliary transport along microtubules from the ciliary tip to the base (PubMed:21378380)

Cytoplasm, cytoskeletonCell projection, cilium

Cranioectodermal dysplasia 3

A disorder primarily characterized by craniofacial, skeletal and ectodermal abnormalities. Clinical features include craniosynostosis, narrow rib cage, short limbs, brachydactyly, hypoplastic and widely spaced teeth, sparse hair, skin laxity and abnormal nails. Nephronophthisis leading to progressive renal failure, hepatic fibrosis, heart defects, and retinitis pigmentosa have also been described.

Transcriptional regulator. Involved in the initiation of neuronal differentiation. Activates transcription by binding to the E box (5'-CANNTG-3') (By similarity). May be involved in the functional network that regulates the development of the GnRH axis (PubMed:32620954)

Nucleus

Craniosynostosis 3

A primary abnormality of skull growth involving premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. The growth velocity of the skull often cannot match that of the developing brain resulting in an abnormal head shape and, in some cases, increased intracranial pressure, which must be treated promptly to avoid permanent neurodevelopmental disability.

Component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (PubMed:20889716, PubMed:22503633). Plays a pivotal role in proper development and function of ciliated cells through its role in ciliogenesis and/or cilium maintenance (PubMed:22503633). Required for the development and maintenance of the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Plays a role in maintenance and the delivery of opsin to

Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal bodyCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosomeCell projection, cilium

Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 9 with or without polydactyly

A form of short-rib thoracic dysplasia, a group of autosomal recessive ciliopathies that are characterized by a constricted thoracic cage, short ribs, shortened tubular bones, and a 'trident' appearance of the acetabular roof. Polydactyly is variably present. Non-skeletal involvement can include cleft lip/palate as well as anomalies of major organs such as the brain, eye, heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas, intestines, and genitalia. Some forms of the disease are lethal in the neonatal period due to respiratory insufficiency secondary to a severely restricted thoracic cage, whereas others are compatible with life. Disease spectrum encompasses Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (Jeune syndrome), Mainzer-Saldino syndrome, and short rib-polydactyly syndrome. SRTD9 is characterized by phalangeal cone-shaped epiphyses, chronic renal disease, nearly constant retinal dystrophy, and mild radiographic abnormality of the proximal femur. Occasional features include short stature, cerebellar ataxia, and hepatic fibrosis.

Potent transcriptional repressor that binds to the H1 element of the Ets2 promoter. May regulate other genes involved in cellular proliferation. Required for extraembryonic ectoderm differentiation, ectoplacental cone cavity closure, and chorioallantoic attachment (By similarity). May be important for regulating trophoblast stem cell differentiation (By similarity)

Nucleus

Craniosynostosis 4

A primary abnormality of skull growth involving premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. The growth velocity of the skull often cannot match that of the developing brain resulting in an abnormal head shape and, in some cases, increased intracranial pressure, which must be treated promptly to avoid permanent neurodevelopmental disability.

Acts as a coreceptor with members of the frizzled family of seven-transmembrane spanning receptors to transduce signal by Wnt proteins (PubMed:11336703, PubMed:11448771, PubMed:11719191, PubMed:15778503, PubMed:15908424, PubMed:16252235). Activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that controls cell fate determination and self-renewal during embryonic development and adult tissue regeneration (PubMed:11336703, PubMed:11719191). In particular, may play an important role in the development of t

MembraneEndoplasmic reticulum

Vitreoretinopathy, exudative 1

An autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal vasculature characterized by an abrupt cessation of growth of peripheral capillaries, leading to an avascular peripheral retina. This may lead to compensatory retinal neovascularization, which is thought to be induced by hypoxia from the initial avascular insult. New vessels are prone to leakage and rupture causing exudates and bleeding, followed by scarring, retinal detachment and blindness. Clinical features can be highly variable, even within the same family. Patients with mild forms of the disease are asymptomatic, and their only disease related abnormality is an arc of avascular retina in the extreme temporal periphery. In many ways the disease resembles retinopathy of prematurity but there is no evidence of prematurity or small birth weight in the patient history.

Receptor for interleukin-11 (IL11). The receptor systems for IL6, LIF, OSM, CNTF, IL11 and CT1 can utilize IL6ST for initiating signal transmission. The IL11/IL11RA/IL6ST complex may be involved in the control of proliferation and/or differentiation of skeletogenic progenitor or other mesenchymal cells (Probable). Essential for the normal development of craniofacial bones and teeth. Restricts suture fusion and tooth number Soluble form of IL11 receptor (sIL11RA) that acts as an agonist of IL11 a

MembraneSecreted

Craniosynostosis and dental anomalies

A disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, maxillary hypoplasia, and dental anomalies, including malocclusion, delayed and ectopic tooth eruption, and/or supernumerary teeth. Some patients also display minor digit anomalies, such as syndactyly and/or clinodactyly.

Extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in epidermal differentiation and is required for epidermal adhesion during embryonic development

Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane

Bifid nose, with or without anorectal and renal anomalies

A disease characterized by the presence of a bifid nose usually associated with renal agenesis and anorectal malformations. A bifid nose is a congenital deformity due to failure of the paired nasal processes to fuse to a single midline organ during early gestation.

May play a role in terminal differentiation of skeletal muscle cells but not in the determination of cells to the myogenic lineage. Functions as a repressor of TGF-beta signaling

Nucleus

Shprintzen-Goldberg craniosynostosis syndrome

A very rare syndrome characterized by a marfanoid habitus, craniosynostosis, characteristic dysmorphic facial features, skeletal and cardiovascular abnormalities, intellectual disability, developmental delay and learning disabilities.

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and in the regulation of embryonic development. Required for normal embryonic patterning, trophoblast function, limb bud development, lung morphogenesis, osteogenesis and skin development. Plays an essential role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is

Cell membraneGolgi apparatusCytoplasmic vesicleSecreted

Crouzon syndrome

An autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, exophthalmos and external strabismus, parrot-beaked nose, short upper lip, hypoplastic maxilla, and a relative mandibular prognathism.

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Required for normal mesoderm patterning and correct axial organization during embryonic development, normal skeletogenesis and normal development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system. Phosphorylates PLCG1, FRS2, GAB1 and SHB. Ligand binding leads to the activati

Cell membraneNucleusCytoplasm, cytosolCytoplasmic vesicle

Pfeiffer syndrome

A syndrome characterized by the association of craniosynostosis, broad and deviated thumbs and big toes, and partial syndactyly of the fingers and toes. Three subtypes are known: mild autosomal dominant form (type 1); cloverleaf skull, elbow ankylosis, early death, sporadic (type 2); craniosynostosis, early demise, sporadic (type 3).

Flavoenzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of spermine to spermidine. Can also use N(1)-acetylspermine and spermidine as substrates, with different affinity depending on the isoform (isozyme) and on the experimental conditions. Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration and has the potential to act as a determinant of cellular sensitivity to the antitumor polyamine analogs. May contribute to beta-alanine production via aldehyde dehydrogenase conversion of 3

CytoplasmNucleus

Histone acetyltransferase that acetylates lysine residues in histone H3 and histone H4 (in vitro) (PubMed:11742995, PubMed:11965546). Component of the MOZ/MORF complex which has a histone H3 acetyltransferase activity (PubMed:11965546). May act as a transcriptional coactivator for RUNX1 and RUNX2 (PubMed:12771199). Acetylates p53/TP53 at 'Lys-120' and 'Lys-382' and controls its transcriptional activity via association with PML (PubMed:23431171). May play a role in leukemogenic gene transcription

NucleusNucleus, nucleolusNucleus, nucleoplasmNucleus, PML body

Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Inhibits myogenesis by sequestrating E proteins, inhibiting trans-activation by MEF2, and inhibiting DNA-binding by MYOD1 through physical interaction. This interaction probably involves the basic domains of both proteins. Also represses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFA and IL1B. Regulates cranial suture patterning and fusion. Activates transcription as a heterodimer with E proteins. Regulates gene expression differentially, depending on

Nucleus

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

A craniosynostosis syndrome characterized by coronal synostosis, brachycephaly, low frontal hairline, facial asymmetry, hypertelorism, broad halluces, and clinodactyly.

Structural component of the 10-12 nm diameter microfibrils of the extracellular matrix, which conveys both structural and regulatory properties to load-bearing connective tissues (PubMed:15062093, PubMed:1860873). Fibrillin-1-containing microfibrils provide long-term force bearing structural support (PubMed:27026396). In tissues such as the lung, blood vessels and skin, microfibrils form the periphery of the elastic fiber, acting as a scaffold for the deposition of elastin (PubMed:27026396). In

SecretedSecreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Marfan syndrome

A hereditary disorder of connective tissue that affects the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. A wide variety of skeletal abnormalities occurs with Marfan syndrome, including scoliosis, chest wall deformity, tall stature, abnormal joint mobility. Ectopia lentis occurs in most of the patients and is almost always bilateral. The leading cause of premature death is progressive dilation of the aortic root and ascending aorta, causing aortic incompetence and dissection. Neonatal Marfan syndrome is the most severe form resulting in death from cardiorespiratory failure in the first few years of life.

Acts as a negative regulator of hedgehog signaling

Membrane

Carpenter syndrome 2

An autosomal recessive multiple congenital malformation disorder characterized by multisuture craniosynostosis and polysyndactyly of the hands and feet, in association with abnormal left-right patterning and other features, most commonly obesity, umbilical hernia, cryptorchidism, and congenital heart disease.

Probable planar cell polarity effector involved in cilium biogenesis. May regulate protein and membrane transport to the cilium. Proposed to function as core component of the CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effectors) complex involved in the recruitment of peripheral IFT-A proteins to basal bodies. May regulate the morphogenesis of hair follicles which depends on functional primary cilia. Binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate with highest affinity, followed by phosphatidylinositol 4-ph

CytoplasmCytoplasm, cytoskeletonCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal body

May be involved in adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response. Promotes NK cell-target adhesion by interacting with PVR present on target cells. May function at a time after T and NK cells have penetrated the endothelium using integrins and selectins, when they are actively engaging diseased cells and moving within areas of inflammation

Membrane

C syndrome

A syndrome characterized by trigonocephaly, severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, variable cardiac defects, redundant skin, and dysmorphic facial features, including upslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, depressed nasal bridge, and low-set, posteriorly rotated ears.

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of retinoates (RAs), the active metabolites of vitamin A, and critical signaling molecules in animals (PubMed:10823918, PubMed:22020119). RAs exist as at least four different isomers: all-trans-RA (atRA), 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9,13-dicis-RA, where atRA is considered to be the biologically active isomer, although 9-cis-RA and 13-cis-RA also have activity (Probable). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of atRA primarily at C-4 and C-18, thereby

Endoplasmic reticulum membraneMicrosome membrane

Radiohumeral fusions with other skeletal and craniofacial anomalies

A disease characterized by craniofacial malformations, occipital encephalocele, radiohumeral fusions, oligodactyly, advanced osseous maturation, and calvarial mineralization defects.

Acts as a transcriptional regulator in bone development. Represses the ALPL promoter activity and antagonizes the stimulatory effect of DLX5 on ALPL expression during osteoblast differentiation. Probable morphogenetic role. May play a role in limb-pattern formation. In osteoblasts, suppresses transcription driven by the osteocalcin FGF response element (OCFRE). Binds to the homeodomain-response element of the ALPL promoter

Nucleus

Parietal foramina 1

Autosomal dominant disease characterized by oval defects of the parietal bones caused by deficient ossification around the parietal notch, which is normally obliterated during the fifth fetal month.

Involved in ciliogenesis as part of a complex involved in intraflagellar transport (IFT), the bi-directional movement of particles required for the assembly, maintenance and functioning of primary cilia (PubMed:27466190). Required for the anterograde transport of IFT88 (PubMed:27466190)

Cell projection, cilium

Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 16 with or without polydactyly

A form of short-rib thoracic dysplasia, a group of autosomal recessive ciliopathies that are characterized by a constricted thoracic cage, short ribs, shortened tubular bones, and a 'trident' appearance of the acetabular roof. Polydactyly is variably present. Non-skeletal involvement can include cleft lip/palate as well as anomalies of major organs such as the brain, eye, heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas, intestines, and genitalia. Some forms of the disease are lethal in the neonatal period due to respiratory insufficiency secondary to a severely restricted thoracic cage, whereas others are compatible with life. Disease spectrum encompasses Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (Jeune syndrome), Mainzer-Saldino syndrome, and short rib-polydactyly syndrome.

This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Antley-Bixler syndrome, with genital anomalies and disordered steroidogenesis

A disease characterized by the association of Antley-Bixler syndrome with steroidogenesis defects and abnormal genitalia. Antley-Bixler syndrome is characterized by craniosynostosis, radiohumeral synostosis present from the perinatal period, midface hypoplasia, choanal stenosis or atresia, femoral bowing and multiple joint contractures.

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Plays an essential role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is required for normal skeleton development. Regulates both osteogenesis and postnatal bone mineralization by osteoblasts. Promotes apoptosis in chondrocytes, but can also promote cancer cell proliferat

Cell membraneCytoplasmic vesicleEndoplasmic reticulumSecreted

Achondroplasia

A frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. It is characterized by a long, narrow trunk, short extremities, particularly in the proximal (rhizomelic) segments, a large head with frontal bossing, hypoplasia of the midface and a trident configuration of the hands. ACH is an autosomal dominant disease.

As component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in cilia function and/or assembly (PubMed:20889716). Essential for functional IFT-A assembly and ciliary entry of GPCRs (PubMed:20889716). Associates with the BBSome complex to mediate ciliary transport (By similarity)

Cell projection, ciliumCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal bodyCell projection, cilium, photoreceptor outer segmentCell projection, cilium, flagellum

Cranioectodermal dysplasia 4

A disorder primarily characterized by craniofacial, skeletal and ectodermal abnormalities. Clinical features include craniosynostosis, narrow rib cage, short limbs, brachydactyly, hypoplastic and widely spaced teeth, sparse hair, skin laxity and abnormal nails. Nephronophthisis leading to progressive renal failure, hepatic fibrosis, heart defects, and retinitis pigmentosa have also been described.

The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. In conjunction with IFT57 and KIF17, it drives the localization of specific G protein-coupled receptors, such as the dopa

Cell membraneCytoplasmCytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosomeEndosome membraneCytoplasmic vesicle, phagosomeCytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome membrane

Carpenter syndrome 1

A rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by acrocephaly with variable synostosis of the sagittal, lambdoid, and coronal sutures; peculiar facies; brachydactyly of the hands with syndactyly; preaxial polydactyly and syndactyly of the feet; congenital heart defects; growth retardation; intellectual disability; hypogenitalism; and obesity. In addition, cerebral malformations, oral and dental abnormalities, coxa valga, genu valgum, hydronephrosis, precocious puberty, and hearing loss may be observed.

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase which unwinds dsDNA with a 3'-overhang in a 3'-5' direction (PubMed:28653661). Does not unwind more than 18 bp of dsDNA (PubMed:28653661). May modulate chromosome segregation. The N-terminal domain (residues 1-54) binds DNA Y-shaped DNA better than ss- or dsDNA (PubMed:22730300). The core helicase domain binds ssDNA (PubMed:22730300, PubMed:28653661)

CytoplasmNucleus

RAPADILINO syndrome

Disease characterized by radial and patellar aplasia or hypoplasia.

As a component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is required in ciliogenesis and ciliary protein trafficking (PubMed:27932497, PubMed:29220510). Involved in cilia formation during neuronal patterning. Acts as a negative regulator of Shh signaling. Required to recruit TULP3 to primary cilia (By similarity)

Cell projection, ciliumCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal body

Cranioectodermal dysplasia 1

A disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal and ectodermal abnormalities. Clinical features include dolichocephaly (with or without sagittal suture synostosis), scaphocephaly, short stature, limb shortening, short ribs, narrow chest, brachydactyly, renal failure and hepatic fibrosis, small and abnormally shaped teeth, sparse hair, skin laxity and abnormal nails.