Probable DNA-binding transcriptional activator. Key determinant of the keratinocyte proliferation-differentiation switch involved in appropriate epidermal development (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating mammary epithelial cell proliferation (By similarity). May regulate WDR65 transcription (By similarity)

NucleusCytoplasm

Van der Woude syndrome 1

An autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized by lower lip pits, cleft lip and/or cleft palate.

Acts as a sequence specific DNA binding transcriptional activator or repressor. The isoforms contain a varying set of transactivation and auto-regulating transactivation inhibiting domains thus showing an isoform specific activity. Isoform 2 activates RIPK4 transcription. May be required in conjunction with TP73/p73 for initiation of p53/TP53 dependent apoptosis in response to genotoxic insults and the presence of activated oncogenes. Involved in Notch signaling by probably inducing JAG1 and JAG

Nucleus

Acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome

A form of ectodermal dysplasia. Ectodermal dysplasia defines a heterogeneous group of disorders due to abnormal development of two or more ectodermal structures. ADULT syndrome involves ectrodactyly, syndactyly, finger- and toenail dysplasia, hypoplastic breasts and nipples, intensive freckling, lacrimal duct atresia, frontal alopecia, primary hypodontia and loss of permanent teeth. ADULT syndrome differs significantly from EEC3 syndrome by the absence of facial clefting. Inheritance is autosomal dominant.

Cytosolic calcium-activated calcium channel that mediates the release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and thereby plays a key role in triggering muscle contraction following depolarization of T-tubules (PubMed:11741831, PubMed:16163667, PubMed:18268335, PubMed:18650434, PubMed:26115329). Repeated very high-level exercise increases the open probability of the channel and leads to Ca(2+) leaking into the cytoplasm (PubMed:18268335). Can also mediate the release of Ca(2+)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

Malignant hyperthermia 1

Autosomal dominant pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle and is one of the main causes of death due to anesthesia. In susceptible people, an MH episode can be triggered by all commonly used inhalational anesthetics such as halothane and by depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine. The clinical features of the myopathy are hyperthermia, accelerated muscle metabolism, contractures, metabolic acidosis, tachycardia and death, if not treated with the postsynaptic muscle relaxant, dantrolene. Susceptibility to MH can be determined with the 'in vitro' contracture test (IVCT): observing the magnitude of contractures induced in strips of muscle tissue by caffeine alone and halothane alone. Patients with normal response are MH normal (MHN), those with abnormal response to caffeine alone or halothane alone are MH equivocal (MHE(C) and MHE(H) respectively).

This giant muscle protein may be involved in maintaining the structural integrity of sarcomeres and the membrane system associated with the myofibrils. Binds and stabilize F-actin

Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomereCytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Nemaline myopathy 2

A form of nemaline myopathy. Nemaline myopathies are muscular disorders characterized by muscle weakness of varying severity and onset, and abnormal thread-like or rod-shaped structures in muscle fibers on histologic examination.

Transcriptional factor involved in bone development. Acts as an immediate early BMP-responsive transcriptional activator essential for osteoblast differentiation. Stimulates ALPL promoter activity in a RUNX2-independent manner during osteoblast differentiation. Stimulates SP7 promoter activity during osteoblast differentiation. Promotes cell proliferation by up-regulating MYC promoter activity. Involved as a positive regulator of both chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy in the endochondra

Nucleus

Split-hand/foot malformation 1 with sensorineural hearing loss, autosomal recessive

A disease characterized by the association of split-hand/foot malformation with deafness. Split-hand/foot malformation is a limb malformation involving the central rays of the autopod and presenting with syndactyly, median clefts of the hands and feet, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals. Some patients have been found to have intellectual disability, ectodermal and craniofacial findings, and orofacial clefting.

Plays a role in interneurons differentiation (PubMed:26056227). Involved in neuronal development and in neuromuscular junction formation

CytoplasmNucleusPostsynaptic cell membrane

Wieacker-Wolf syndrome

A severe X-linked recessive neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is characterized by onset of muscle weakness in utero (fetal akinesia). Affected boys are born with severe contractures, known as arthrogryposis, and have delayed motor development, facial and bulbar weakness, characteristic dysmorphic facial features, and skeletal abnormalities, such as hip dislocation, scoliosis, and pes equinovarus. Those that survive infancy show intellectual disability. Carrier females may have mild features of the disorder.

Functions as a transcription regulator in the hedgehog (Hh) pathway (PubMed:18455992, PubMed:26565916). Functions as a transcriptional activator (PubMed:19878745, PubMed:24311597, PubMed:9557682). May also function as transcriptional repressor (By similarity). Requires STK36 for full transcriptional activator activity. Required for normal embryonic development (PubMed:15994174, PubMed:20685856) Involved in the smoothened (SHH) signaling pathway Involved in the smoothened (SHH) signaling pathway

NucleusCytoplasmCell projection, cilium

Holoprosencephaly 9

A form of holoprosencephaly, a structural anomaly of the brain in which the developing forebrain fails to correctly separate into right and left hemispheres. It is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder with a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from alobar holoprosencephaly with severe facial abnormalities, such as cyclopia and proboscis, to mild forms that include lobar or microform holoprosencephaly, without cerebral malformations and with mild craniofacial defects. HPE9 is characterized by defective anterior pituitary formation and pan-hypopituitarism, with or without overt forebrain cleavage abnormalities, and holoprosencephaly-like midfacial hypoplasia. HPE9 inheritance is autosomal dominant.

Voltage-gated ion channel responsible for the resting Na(+) permeability that controls neuronal excitability (PubMed:17448995, PubMed:31409833). NALCN channel functions as a multi-protein complex, which consists at least of NALCN, NALF1, UNC79 and UNC80 (PubMed:32494638, PubMed:33203861). NALCN is the voltage-sensing, pore-forming subunit of the NALCN channel complex (PubMed:17448995). NALCN channel complex is constitutively active and conducts monovalent cations but is blocked by physiological

Cell membrane

Hypotonia, infantile, with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies 1

A neurodegenerative disease characterized by variable degrees of hypotonia, speech impairment, intellectual disability, pyramidal signs, subtle facial dysmorphism, and chronic constipation. Some patients manifest neuroaxonal dystrophy, optic atrophy, unmyelinated axons and spheroid bodies in tissue biopsies.

Troponin I is the inhibitory subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity

Arthrogryposis, distal, 2B1

A form of distal arthrogryposis, a disease characterized by congenital joint contractures that mainly involve two or more distal parts of the limbs, in the absence of a primary neurological or muscle disease. DA2B is characterized by contractures of the hands and feet, and a distinctive face characterized by prominent nasolabial folds, small mouth and downslanting palpebral fissures. DA2B1 inheritance is autosomal dominant.

Converts D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid (IdoUA) residues. Plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide dermatan sulfate

Endoplasmic reticulum membraneGolgi apparatus membraneCytoplasmic vesicle membraneMicrosome membrane

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, musculocontractural type 2

A form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome characterized by progressive multisystem manifestations, including joint dislocations and deformities, skin hyperextensibility, skin bruisability and fragility with recurrent large subcutaneous hematomas, cardiac valvular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ophthalmologic complications. Motor developmental delay is associated with muscle hypoplasia, muscle weakness, and an abnormal muscle fiber pattern in histology in adulthood.

Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types

Cell membrane

Hypotrichosis congenital with juvenile macular dystrophy

A disorder characterized by congenital hypotrichosis, early hair loss, and severe degenerative changes of the retinal macula that culminate in blindness during the second to third decade of life.

Transcription factor with a key role in the maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells

CytoplasmNucleus

Duane-radial ray syndrome

Disorder characterized by the association of forearm malformations with Duane retraction syndrome.

Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Involved in muscle maturation via its interaction with the myocyte enhancer factors such as MEF2A, MEF2C and MEF2D. Involved in the MTA1

NucleusCytoplasm

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Plays an essential role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is required for normal skeleton development. Regulates both osteogenesis and postnatal bone mineralization by osteoblasts. Promotes apoptosis in chondrocytes, but can also promote cancer cell proliferat

Cell membraneCytoplasmic vesicleEndoplasmic reticulumSecreted

Achondroplasia

A frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. It is characterized by a long, narrow trunk, short extremities, particularly in the proximal (rhizomelic) segments, a large head with frontal bossing, hypoplasia of the midface and a trident configuration of the hands. ACH is an autosomal dominant disease.

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins during protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum lumen

Osteogenesis imperfecta 11

A form of osteogenesis imperfecta, a disorder of bone formation characterized by low bone mass, bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures after minimal trauma. Disease severity ranges from very mild forms without fractures to intrauterine fractures and perinatal lethality. Extraskeletal manifestations, which affect a variable number of patients, are dentinogenesis imperfecta, hearing loss, and blue sclerae. OI11 is an autosomal recessive form.

Component of the AP2-containing clathrin coat that may regulate clathrin-dependent trafficking at plasma membrane, TGN and endosomal system (Probable). A possible serine/threonine-protein kinase toward the beta2-subunit of the plasma membrane adapter complex AP2 and other proteins in presence of poly-L-lysine has not been confirmed (PubMed:15809293, PubMed:16914521). By regulating the expression of excitatory receptors at synapses, plays an essential role in neuronal function and signaling and i

Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicleGolgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network membraneEndosome membrane

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 4, neurogenic, with agenesis of the corpus callosum

A form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, a developmental condition characterized by multiple joint contractures resulting from reduced or absent fetal movements. AMC4 is an autosomal recessive, severe form with onset in utero. Patients manifest little or no fetal movements, significant contractures affecting the upper and lower limbs, dysmorphic facial features, optic atrophy, limb fractures, profound global developmental delay, seizures, and peripheral neuropathy. Many patients die in early childhood.

Troponin T is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity

Arthrogryposis, distal, 2B2

A form of distal arthrogryposis, a disease characterized by congenital joint contractures that mainly involve two or more distal parts of the limbs, in the absence of a primary neurological or muscle disease. Distal arthrogryposis type 2 is characterized by contractures of the hands and feet, and a distinctive face characterized by prominent nasolabial folds, small mouth and downslanting palpebral fissures. DA2B2 inheritance is autosomal dominant.

Binds to actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. Plays a central role, in association with the troponin complex, in the calcium dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by interaction with caldesmon. In non-muscle cells is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments. The non-muscle isoform may have a role in agonist-mediated receptor internalization

Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Congenital myopathy 23

An autosomal dominant muscular disorder characterized clinically by hypotonia and muscle weakness, and a static or slowly progressive clinical course. Disease onset ranges from birth to childhood. Histologic examination of muscle fibers shows various anomalies including fiber type disproportion, an irregular myofibrillar network, abnormal thread-like or rod-shaped structures, and cap-like structures which are well demarcated and peripherally located under the sarcolemma with abnormal accumulation of sarcomeric proteins.

Chromatin reader protein that recognizes and binds acetylated histones and plays a key role in transmission of epigenetic memory across cell divisions and transcription regulation (PubMed:20871596, PubMed:23086925, PubMed:23317504, PubMed:29176719, PubMed:29379197). Remains associated with acetylated chromatin throughout the entire cell cycle and provides epigenetic memory for postmitotic G1 gene transcription by preserving acetylated chromatin status and maintaining high-order chromatin structu

NucleusChromosome

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 6

A form of Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder associated with malformations affecting multiple systems. It is characterized by facial dysmorphisms, abnormal hands and feet, growth delay, cognitive retardation, hirsutism, gastroesophageal dysfunction and cardiac, ophthalmologic and genitourinary anomalies. CDLS6 inheritance is autosomal dominant.

Catalyzes the second step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis, which is the de-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Coloboma, congenital heart disease, ichthyosiform dermatosis, impaired intellectual development, and ear anomalies syndrome

An extremely rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder clinically characterized by colobomas, congenital heart defects, migratory ichthyosiform dermatosis, intellectual disability, and ear anomalies including conductive hearing loss. Other clinical features include distinctive facial features, abnormal growth, genitourinary abnormalities, seizures, and feeding difficulties.

Catalyzes the transfer of a single N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-GlcNAc to a serine or threonine residue in extracellular proteins resulting in their modification with a beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Specifically glycosylates the Thr residue located between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines of folded EGF-like domains

Endoplasmic reticulum lumen

Adams-Oliver syndrome 4

A form of Adams-Oliver syndrome, a disorder characterized by the congenital absence of skin (aplasia cutis congenita) in combination with transverse limb defects. Aplasia cutis congenita can be located anywhere on the body, but in the vast majority of the cases, it is present on the posterior parietal region where it is often associated with an underlying defect of the parietal bones. Limb abnormalities are typically limb truncation defects affecting the distal phalanges or entire digits (true ectrodactyly). Only rarely, metatarsals/metacarpals or more proximal limb structures are also affected. Apart from transverse limb defects, syndactyly, most commonly of second and third toes, can also be observed. The clinical features are highly variable and can also include cardiovascular malformations, brain abnormalities and vascular defects such as cutis marmorata and dilated scalp veins.

The C-terminal part of the sonic hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (ShhN and ShhC) followed by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated ShhN (By similarity). Both activities occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Once cleaved, ShhC is degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum (By simi

Endoplasmic reticulum membraneGolgi apparatus membraneSecretedCell membrane

Microphthalmia/Coloboma 5

A disorder of eye formation, ranging from small size of a single eye to complete bilateral absence of ocular tissues. Ocular abnormalities like opacities of the cornea and lens, scaring of the retina and choroid, and other abnormalities may also be present. Ocular colobomas are a set of malformations resulting from abnormal morphogenesis of the optic cup and stalk, and the fusion of the fetal fissure (optic fissure).

Electrogenic antiporter that exchanges one cholinergic neurotransmitter, acetylcholine or choline, with two intravesicular protons across the membrane of synaptic vesicles. Uses the electrochemical proton gradient established by the V-type proton-pump ATPase to store neurotransmitters inside the vesicles prior to their release via exocytosis (By similarity) (PubMed:20225888, PubMed:8910293). Determines cholinergic vesicular quantal size at presynaptic nerve terminals in developing neuro-muscular

Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle membrane

Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 21, presynaptic

A form of congenital myasthenic syndrome, a group of disorders characterized by failure of neuromuscular transmission, including pre-synaptic, synaptic, and post-synaptic disorders that are not of autoimmune origin. Clinical features are easy fatigability and muscle weakness. CMS21 is an autosomal recessive, pre-synaptic form characterized by ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, fatigable weakness, apneic crises, and deterioration of symptoms in cold water. Learning difficulties and left ventricular dysfunction may be present in some patients.

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin

Cytoplasm, cytoskeletonCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, flagellum axoneme

Lissencephaly 3

A classic type lissencephaly associated with psychomotor retardation and seizures. Features include agyria or pachygyria or laminar heterotopia, severe intellectual disability, motor delay, variable presence of seizures, and abnormalities of corpus callosum, hippocampus, cerebellar vermis and brainstem.

Fibrillins are structural components of 10-12 nm extracellular calcium-binding microfibrils, which occur either in association with elastin or in elastin-free bundles. Fibrillin-2-containing microfibrils regulate the early process of elastic fiber assembly. Regulates osteoblast maturation by controlling TGF-beta bioavailability and calibrating TGF-beta and BMP levels, respectively Hormone secreted by trophoblasts that promotes trophoblast invasiveness (PubMed:32329225). Has glucogenic activity:

SecretedSecreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Contractural arachnodactyly, congenital

An autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by contractures, arachnodactyly, scoliosis, and crumpled ears.

Tyrosine-protein kinase that plays an essential role as cell surface receptor for neuregulins. Binds to neuregulin-1 (NRG1) and is activated by it; ligand-binding increases phosphorylation on tyrosine residues and promotes its association with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PubMed:20682778). May also be activated by CSPG5 (PubMed:15358134). Involved in the regulation of myeloid cell differentiation (PubMed:27416908)

Cell membraneSecreted

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 2

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy, and congenital non-progressive joint contractures (arthrogryposis). The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth. LCCS2 patients manifest craniofacial/ocular findings, lack of hydrops, multiple pterygia, and fractures, as well as a normal duration of pregnancy and a unique feature of a markedly distended urinary bladder (neurogenic bladder defect). The phenotype suggests a spinal cord neuropathic etiology.

Plays a role in DNA damage repair as component of the ASCC complex (PubMed:29997253). Part of the ASC-1 complex that enhances NF-kappa-B, SRF and AP1 transactivation (PubMed:12077347). In cells responding to gastrin-activated paracrine signals, it is involved in the induction of SERPINB2 expression by gastrin. May also play a role in the development of neuromuscular junction

NucleusNucleus speckle

Barrett esophagus

A condition characterized by a metaplastic change in which normal esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by a columnar and intestinal-type epithelium. Patients with Barrett esophagus have an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The main cause of Barrett esophagus is gastroesophageal reflux. The retrograde movement of acid and bile salts from the stomach into the esophagus causes prolonged injury to the esophageal epithelium and induces chronic esophagitis, which in turn is believed to trigger the pathologic changes.

Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors that functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway (By similarity). Plays an important role in embryonic development, including dorsal versus ventral patterning during limb development, skeleton development and urogenital tract development (PubMed:16826533). Required for central nervous system (CNS) angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier regulation (PubMed:30026314). Required for normal, sexually dimorphic d

Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrixSecreted

Limb pelvis hypoplasia aplasia syndrome

A syndrome of severe deficiency of the extremities due to hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. Pelvic manifestations include hip dislocation, hypoplastic iliac bone and aplastic pubic bones. Thoracic deformity, unusual facies and genitourinary anomalies can be present.

Mediates SOST-dependent inhibition of bone formation. Functions as a specific facilitator of SOST-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling. Plays a key role in the formation and the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle. Directly binds AGRIN and recruits it to the MUSK signaling complex. Mediates the AGRIN-induced phosphorylation of MUSK, the kinase of the complex. The activation of MUSK in myotubes induces the formation of NMJ by regul

Cell membrane

Cenani-Lenz syndactyly syndrome

A congenital malformation syndrome defined as complete and complex syndactyly of the hands combined with malformations of the forearm bones and similar manifestations in the lower limbs. It is characterized by fusion and disorganization of metacarpal and phalangeal bones, radius and ulnar shortening, radioulnar synostosis, and severe syndactyly of hands and feet.

Transcriptional regulator that has an essential role in the organogenesis of lungs, pelvis, and hindlimbs

Nucleus

Ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome with or without pulmonary arterial hypertension

An autosomal dominant bone disease characterized by patellar aplasia or hypoplasia and by anomalies of the pelvis and feet, including disrupted ossification of the ischia and inferior pubic rami.

Functions as a transcriptional regulator binding to DNA sequences in the promoter region of target genes and regulating positively or negatively their expression. Oncogene which plays a role in development, cell proliferation and differentiation. May also play a role in apoptosis through regulation of the JNK and TGF-beta signaling. Involved in hematopoiesis Displays histone methyltransferase activity and monomethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me1). Probably catalyzes the monomethylation of f

NucleusNucleus speckleCytoplasm

Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (PubMed:17110384, PubMed:17916776). Functions in signaling cascades downstream of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and in vascular smooth muscle cells (PubMed:17916776). Functions in signaling cascades downstream of the vasopressin receptor in the kidney and has a role in renal water reabsorption. Functions in signaling cascades downstream of PTH1R and plays a role in regulating renal phosphate

Cell membraneCell projection, ciliumCell projection, stereocilium

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 8

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy and congenital non-progressive joint contractures. The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth. LCCS8 is an axoglial form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, characterized by congenital distal joint contractures, reduced fetal movements, and severe motor paralysis leading to death early in the neonatal period.

Pleiotropic regulator of mitotic progression, participating in the control of spindle dynamics and chromosome separation (PubMed:12101123, PubMed:12840024, PubMed:14660563, PubMed:19941817). Phosphorylates different histones, myelin basic protein, beta-casein, and BICD2 (PubMed:11864968). Phosphorylates histone H3 on serine and threonine residues and beta-casein on serine residues (PubMed:11864968). Important for G1/S transition and S phase progression (PubMed:12840024, PubMed:14660563, PubMed:1

CytoplasmNucleus

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 10

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy and congenital non-progressive joint contractures. The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth.

Required for the export of mRNAs containing poly(A) tails from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. May be involved in the terminal step of the mRNA transport through the nuclear pore complex (NPC)

NucleusCytoplasmNucleus, nuclear pore complex

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 1

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy, and congenital non-progressive joint contractures (arthrogryposis). The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth. LCCS1 patients manifest early fetal hydrops and akinesia, micrognathia, pulmonary hypoplasia, pterygia, and multiple joint contractures. It leads to prenatal death.

Lamins are intermediate filament proteins that assemble into a filamentous meshwork, and which constitute the major components of the nuclear lamina, a fibrous layer on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane (PubMed:10080180, PubMed:10580070, PubMed:10587585, PubMed:10814726, PubMed:11799477, PubMed:12075506, PubMed:12927431, PubMed:15317753, PubMed:18551513, PubMed:18611980, PubMed:2188730, PubMed:22431096, PubMed:2344612, PubMed:23666920, PubMed:24741066, PubMed:31434876, PubMed:

Nucleus laminaNucleus envelopeNucleus, nucleoplasmNucleus matrixNucleus speckle

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2, autosomal dominant

A form of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, a degenerative myopathy characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system, early contractures of the elbows, Achilles tendons and spine, and cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac conduction defects.

Acyltransferase that catalyzes the acyl transfer from an acyl-CoA at the 2-OH position of the inositol ring of a 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol (glucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol, GlcN-PI) to generate a 2-acyl-6-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol (glucosaminyl acyl phosphatidylinositol, GlcN-(acyl)PI) and participates in the fourth step of GPI-anchor biosynthesis (By similarity). Required for the transport of GPI

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defect 11

An autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, tonic seizures associated with hypsarrhythmia, dysmorphic facial features, and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase.

Component of nuclear pore complex

Nucleus, nuclear pore complex

Fetal akinesia deformation sequence 4

A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with congenital malformations related to impaired fetal movement. Clinical features include fetal akinesia, intrauterine growth retardation, polyhydramnios, arthrogryposis, pulmonary hypoplasia, craniofacial abnormalities, and cryptorchidism. FADS4 inheritance is autosomal recessive.

Probable muscle-intrinsic activator of MUSK that plays an essential role in neuromuscular synaptogenesis. Acts in aneural activation of MUSK and subsequent acetylcholine receptor (AchR) clustering in myotubes. Induces autophosphorylation of MUSK

Cell membraneSynapse

Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 10

A form of congenital myasthenic syndrome, a group of disorders characterized by failure of neuromuscular transmission, including pre-synaptic, synaptic, and post-synaptic disorders that are not of autoimmune origin. Clinical features are easy fatigability and muscle weakness affecting the axial and limb muscles (with hypotonia in early-onset forms), the ocular muscles (leading to ptosis and ophthalmoplegia), and the facial and bulbar musculature (affecting sucking and swallowing, and leading to dysphonia). The symptoms fluctuate and worsen with physical effort. CMS10 is an autosomal recessive, post-synaptic form characterized by a typical 'limb girdle' pattern of muscle weakness with small, simplified neuromuscular junctions but normal acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase function.

Postsynaptic protein required for clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction. It may link the receptor to the underlying postsynaptic cytoskeleton, possibly by direct association with actin or spectrin

Cell membranePostsynaptic cell membraneCytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 11, associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency

A form of congenital myasthenic syndrome, a group of disorders characterized by failure of neuromuscular transmission, including pre-synaptic, synaptic, and post-synaptic disorders that are not of autoimmune origin. Clinical features are easy fatigability and muscle weakness affecting the axial and limb muscles (with hypotonia in early-onset forms), the ocular muscles (leading to ptosis and ophthalmoplegia), and the facial and bulbar musculature (affecting sucking and swallowing, and leading to dysphonia). The symptoms fluctuate and worsen with physical effort. CMS11 is an autosomal recessive disorder of postsynaptic neuromuscular transmission, due to deficiency of AChR at the endplate that results in low amplitude of the miniature endplate potential and current.

Receptor tyrosine kinase which plays a central role in the formation and the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse between the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle (PubMed:25537362). Recruitment of AGRIN by LRP4 to the MUSK signaling complex induces phosphorylation and activation of MUSK, the kinase of the complex. The activation of MUSK in myotubes regulates the formation of NMJs through the regulation of different processes including the specific expression of genes in s

Postsynaptic cell membrane

Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 9, associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency

A form of congenital myasthenic syndrome, a group of disorders characterized by failure of neuromuscular transmission, including pre-synaptic, synaptic, and post-synaptic disorders that are not of autoimmune origin. Clinical features are easy fatigability and muscle weakness affecting the axial and limb muscles (with hypotonia in early-onset forms), the ocular muscles (leading to ptosis and ophthalmoplegia), and the facial and bulbar musculature (affecting sucking and swallowing, and leading to dysphonia). The symptoms fluctuate and worsen with physical effort. CMS9 is a disorder of postsynaptic neuromuscular transmission, due to deficiency of AChR at the endplate that results in low amplitude of the miniature endplate potential and current.

Upon acetylcholine binding, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane Non functional acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit which is not integrated into functional acetylcholine-gated cation-selective channels

Postsynaptic cell membraneCell membrane

Multiple pterygium syndrome, lethal type

Multiple pterygia are found infrequently in children with arthrogryposis and in fetuses with fetal akinesia syndrome. In lethal multiple pterygium syndrome there is intrauterine growth retardation, multiple pterygia, and flexion contractures causing severe arthrogryposis and fetal akinesia. Subcutaneous edema can be severe, causing fetal hydrops with cystic hygroma and lung hypoplasia. Oligohydramnios and facial anomalies are frequent.

DNA-binding protein that regulates the transcription of several genes and is involved in heart development and limb pattern formation (PubMed:25725155, PubMed:25963046, PubMed:26917986, PubMed:27035640, PubMed:29174768, PubMed:8988164). Binds to the core DNA motif of NPPA promoter (PubMed:26926761)

NucleusCytoplasm

Holt-Oram syndrome

Developmental disorder affecting the heart and upper limbs. It is characterized by thumb anomaly and atrial septal defects.

As a member of the cohesin complex, involved in sister chromatid cohesion from the time of DNA replication in S phase to their segregation in mitosis, a function that is essential for proper chromosome segregation, post-replicative DNA repair, and the prevention of inappropriate recombination between repetitive regions (PubMed:11509732). The cohesin complex may also play a role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis (PubMed:11590136). In interphase, cohesins may function in the control of gene

NucleusNucleus matrixChromosomeChromosome, centromereCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle poleCytoplasm, cytosol

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4 with or without midline brain defects

A form of Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder associated with malformations affecting multiple systems. It is characterized by facial dysmorphisms, abnormal hands and feet, growth delay, cognitive retardation, hirsutism, gastroesophageal dysfunction and cardiac, ophthalmologic and genitourinary anomalies.

Plays an important role in the loading of the cohesin complex on to DNA. Forms a heterodimeric complex (also known as cohesin loading complex) with MAU2/SCC4 which mediates the loading of the cohesin complex onto chromatin (PubMed:22628566, PubMed:28914604). Plays a role in cohesin loading at sites of DNA damage. Its recruitment to double-strand breaks (DSBs) sites occurs in a CBX3-, RNF8- and RNF168-dependent manner whereas its recruitment to UV irradiation-induced DNA damage sites occurs in a

NucleusChromosome

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1

A form of Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder associated with malformations affecting multiple systems. Characterized by facial dysmorphisms, abnormal hands and feet, growth delay, cognitive retardation, hirsutism, gastroesophageal dysfunction and cardiac, ophthalmologic and genitourinary anomalies.

Muscle contraction

Cytoplasm, myofibril

Arthrogryposis, distal, 2A

A form of distal arthrogryposis, a disease characterized by congenital joint contractures that mainly involve two or more distal parts of the limbs, in the absence of a primary neurological or muscle disease. DA2A is characterized by contractures of the hands and feet, oropharyngeal abnormalities, scoliosis, and a distinctive face that includes a very small oral orifice, puckered lips, and a H-shaped dimple of the chin.

Thick filament-associated protein located in the crossbridge region of vertebrate striated muscle a bands. Slow skeletal protein that binds to both myosin and actin (PubMed:31025394, PubMed:31264822). In vitro, binds to native thin filaments and modifies the activity of actin-activated myosin ATPase. May modulate muscle contraction or may play a more structural role

Arthrogryposis, distal, 1B

A form of distal arthrogryposis, a disease characterized by congenital joint contractures that mainly involve two or more distal parts of the limbs, in the absence of a primary neurological or muscle disease. Distal arthrogryposis type 1 is characterized largely by camptodactyly and clubfoot. Hypoplasia and/or absence of some interphalangeal creases is common. The shoulders and hips are less frequently affected.

Ligand for NRCAM and NFASC/neurofascin that plays a role in the formation and maintenance of the nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons. Mediates interaction between Schwann cell microvilli and axons via its interactions with NRCAM and NFASC. Nodes of Ranvier contain clustered sodium channels that are crucial for the saltatory propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons. During development, nodes of Ranvier are formed by the fusion of two heminodes. Required for normal clustering of so

Cell membraneCell projection, axonSecretedSecreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 11

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy and congenital non-progressive joint contractures. The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth.

Putative membrane receptor

Membrane

Preaxial polydactyly 2

Polydactyly consists of duplication of the distal phalanx. The thumb in PPD2 is usually opposable and possesses a normal metacarpal.

Non-selective calcium permeant cation channel involved in osmotic sensitivity and mechanosensitivity (PubMed:16293632, PubMed:18695040, PubMed:18826956, PubMed:22526352, PubMed:23136043, PubMed:29899501). Activation by exposure to hypotonicity within the physiological range exhibits an outward rectification (PubMed:18695040, PubMed:18826956, PubMed:29899501). Also activated by heat, low pH, citrate and phorbol esters (PubMed:16293632, PubMed:18695040, PubMed:18826956, PubMed:20037586, PubMed:219

Cell membraneApical cell membraneCell junction, adherens junctionCell projection, ciliumEndoplasmic reticulum

Brachyolmia 3

A form of brachyolmia, a clinically and genetically heterogeneous skeletal dysplasia primarily affecting the spine and characterized by a short trunk, short stature, and platyspondyly. BCYM3 is an autosomal dominant form with severe scoliosis with or without kyphosis, and flattened irregular cervical vertebrae.

Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748, PubMed:28497810). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:10748112, PubMed:10922473, PubMed:10926844, PubMed:14701748). Histone deacetylases act via the forma

NucleusChromosomeCytoplasm

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5

A form of Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder associated with malformations affecting multiple systems. It is characterized by facial dysmorphisms, abnormal hands and feet, growth delay, cognitive retardation, hirsutism, gastroesophageal dysfunction and cardiac, ophthalmologic and genitourinary anomalies.

Transcription coactivator which associates with nuclear receptors, transcriptional coactivators including EP300, CREBBP and NCOA1, and basal transcription factors like TBP and TFIIA to facilitate nuclear receptors-mediated transcription (PubMed:10454579, PubMed:25219498). May thereby play an important role in establishing distinct coactivator complexes under different cellular conditions (PubMed:10454579, PubMed:25219498). Plays a role in thyroid hormone receptor and estrogen receptor transactiv

NucleusCytoplasm, cytosolCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome

Spinal muscular atrophy with congenital bone fractures 1

An autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by prenatal-onset spinal muscular atrophy, multiple congenital contractures consistent with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, respiratory distress, and congenital bone fractures.

Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation (PubMed:21131905, PubMed:24616510). Mediates acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-18' and 'Lys-27' (H3K18ac and H3K27ac, respectively) (PubMed:21131905). Also acetylates non-histone proteins, like DDX21, FBL, IRF2, MAFG, NCOA3, POLR1E/PAF53 and FOXO1 (PubMed:10490106, PubMed:11154691, PubMed:12738767, PubMed:12929931, PubMed:24207024, PubMed:28790157, PubMed:30540930, PubMed:35675826, PubMed:9707565). Binds specifically to ph

CytoplasmNucleus

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Required for normal mesoderm patterning and correct axial organization during embryonic development, normal skeletogenesis and normal development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system. Phosphorylates PLCG1, FRS2, GAB1 and SHB. Ligand binding leads to the activati

Cell membraneNucleusCytoplasm, cytosolCytoplasmic vesicle

Pfeiffer syndrome

A syndrome characterized by the association of craniosynostosis, broad and deviated thumbs and big toes, and partial syndactyly of the fingers and toes. Three subtypes are known: mild autosomal dominant form (type 1); cloverleaf skull, elbow ankylosis, early death, sporadic (type 2); craniosynostosis, early demise, sporadic (type 3).

Plays an important role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. May have a role in glial cell growth and differentiation during development, gliosis during repair and regeneration of brain tissue after damage, differentiation and survival of neuronal cells, and growth stimulation of glial tumors

Secreted

Multiple synostoses syndrome 3

A bone disease characterized by multiple progressive joint fusions that commonly involve proximal interphalangeal, tarsal-carpal, humeroradial and cervical spine joints. Additional features can include progressive conductive deafness and facial dysmorphism.

Required, with CNTNAP2, for radial and longitudinal organization of myelinated axons. Plays a role in the formation of functional distinct domains critical for saltatory conduction of nerve impulses in myelinated nerve fibers. Demarcates the paranodal region of the axo-glial junction. In association with contactin involved in the signaling between axons and myelinating glial cells

MembraneCell junction, paranodal septate junction

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 7

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy and congenital non-progressive joint contractures. The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth. LCCS7 is a severe axoglial disease characterized by congenital distal joint contractures, polyhydramnios, reduced fetal movements, and motor paralysis leading to death early in the neonatal period.

Associates with the organic matrix of bone and cartilage. Thought to act as an inhibitor of bone formation

Secreted

Keutel syndrome

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal cartilage calcification, peripheral pulmonary stenosis neural hearing loss and midfacial hypoplasia.

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes (PubMed:1315035, PubMed:25961942, PubMed:8155697, PubMed:8695850). Also has activity toward cUMP (PubMed:27975297). Independently of its catalytic activity it is part of an E2/17beta-estradiol-induced pro-apoptotic signaling pathway. E2 stabilizes the PDE3A/SLFN12 complex in the cytosol, promoting the dephosphorylation of SLFN12 and acti

MembraneCytoplasm, cytosol

Hypertension and brachydactyly syndrome

A syndrome characterized by brachydactyly type E, severe salt-independent but age-dependent hypertension, an increased fibroblast growth rate, neurovascular contact at the rostral-ventrolateral medulla, and altered baroreflex blood pressure regulation. It results in death from stroke before age 50 years when untreated. Brachydactyly type E is characterized by shortening of the fingers mainly in the metacarpals and metatarsals.

Sequence-specific, AT-rich binding transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis

Nucleus

Hand-foot-genital syndrome

A disorder characterized by limb and genitourinary anomalies. Clinical features include small feet with unusually short great toes and abnormal thumbs. Females with the disorder have duplication of the genital tract.

Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome, including pre-catalytic, catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosomal complexes (PubMed:25092792, PubMed:28076346, PubMed:28502770, PubMed:28781166, PubMed:29301961, PubMed:29360106, PubMed:29361316, PubMed:30315277, PubMed:30705154). Component of the U5 snRNP and the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, a building block of the spliceosome (PubMed:16723661). As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns i

Nucleus

Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly

A rare syndrome characterized by progressive microcephaly, midface and malar hypoplasia, micrognathia, microtia, dysplastic ears, preauricular skin tags, significant developmental delay, and speech delay. Many patients have major sequelae, including choanal atresia that results in respiratory difficulties, conductive hearing loss, and cleft palate.

Part of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol and participates in the first step of GPI biosynthesis (PubMed:16162815). May act by regulating the catalytic subunit PIGA (PubMed:16162815)

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Hyperphosphatasia with impaired intellectual development syndrome 6

An autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder characterized by severe developmental delay, dysmorphism, seizures, cataracts, and early death in some patients.

Involved in the fatty acid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation where the unsaturated acyl chain at sn-2 of inositol phosphate is replaced by a saturated stearoyl chain (PubMed:17021251, PubMed:24439110). May catalyze the first step of the fatty acid remodeling, by removing the unsaturated acyl chain at sn-2 of inositol phosphate, generating a lyso-GPI intermediate (Probable). The fatty acid remodeling steps is critical for the integration of GPI-APs into lipid rafts (By similarity)

Golgi apparatus membrane

Hyperphosphatasia with impaired intellectual development syndrome 4

An autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by profound developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, no speech, psychomotor delay, postnatal microcephaly, and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase.

Probable adhesion protein, which mediates homophilic and heterophilic interactions. In contrast to SCARF1, it poorly mediates the binding and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) (By similarity)

Membrane

Van den Ende-Gupta syndrome

A syndrome characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities that include blepharophimosis, a flat and wide nasal bridge, narrow and beaked nose, hypoplastic maxilla with or without cleft palate and everted lower lip, prominent ears, down-slanting eyes, arachnodactyly, and camptodactyly. Patients present congenital joint contractures that improve without intervention, and normal growth and development. Intelligence is normal. Rarely, enlarged cerebella can be present. Some patients experience respiratory problems due to laryngeal abnormalities.

Transcriptional repressor involved in organogenesis. Plays an essential role in ureteric bud invasion during kidney development

Nucleus

Townes-Brocks syndrome 1

A form of Townes-Brocks syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by the triad of imperforate anus, dysplastic ears, and thumb malformations. Minor features of the condition include hearing loss, foot malformations, renal impairment with or without renal malformations, genitourinary malformations, and congenital heart disease.

Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:28502770, PubMed:29301961). Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon juncti

NucleusNucleus speckleCytoplasm

Thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bilateral absence of the radii with the presence of both thumbs, thrombocytopenia, low numbers of megakaryocytes, and bleeding episodes in the first year of life. Thrombocytopenic episodes decrease with age. Skeletal anomalies range from absence of radii to virtual absence of upper limbs, with or without lower limb defects such as malformations of the hip and knee.

Catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P/PI4P) to form phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2/PIP2), a lipid second messenger that regulates several cellular processes such as signal transduction, vesicle trafficking, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, cell adhesion, and cell motility (PubMed:12422219, PubMed:22942276). PtdIns(4,5)P2 can directly act as a second messenger or can be utilized as a precursor to generate other second messengers: inositol

Cell membraneEndomembrane systemCytoplasmCell junction, focal adhesionCell junction, adherens junctionCell projection, ruffle membraneCell projection, phagocytic cupCell projection, uropodiumNucleus

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 3

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy, and congenital non-progressive joint contractures (arthrogryposis). The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth. LCCS3 patients present at birth with severe multiple joint contractures and severe muscle wasting and atrophy, mainly in the legs. Death occurs minutes to hours after birth due to respiratory insufficiency. The phenotype can be distinguished from that of LCCS1 by the absence of hydrops, fractures and multiple pterygia, and from LCCS2 by the absence of neurogenic bladder defect.

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Postsynaptic cell membraneCell membrane

Multiple pterygium syndrome, lethal type

Multiple pterygia are found infrequently in children with arthrogryposis and in fetuses with fetal akinesia syndrome. In lethal multiple pterygium syndrome there is intrauterine growth retardation, multiple pterygia, and flexion contractures causing severe arthrogryposis and fetal akinesia. Subcutaneous edema can be severe, causing fetal hydrops with cystic hygroma and lung hypoplasia. Oligohydramnios and facial anomalies are frequent.

Regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR). Part of the TTT complex that is required to stabilize protein levels of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family proteins. The TTT complex is involved in the cellular resistance to DNA damage stresses, like ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet (UV) and mitomycin C (MMC). Together with the TTT complex and HSP90 may participate in the proper folding of newly synthesized PIKKs. Promotes assembly, stabilizes and maintains the

CytoplasmMembraneNucleusChromosome, telomere

You-Hoover-Fong syndrome

A syndrome characterized by severe global developmental delay, intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, microcephaly, abnormal movements, congenital heart disease comprising developmental abnormalities of the great vessels, and abnormal auditory and visual function. The transmission pattern is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.

Activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by acting as a ligand for LGR4-6 receptors. Upon binding to LGR4-6 (LGR4, LGR5 or LGR6), LGR4-6 associate with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. Also regulates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin-dependent pathway and non-canonical Wnt signaling by acting as an inhibitor of ZNRF3, an important regulator of t

Secreted

Tetraamelia syndrome 2

A form of tetraamelia, a rare disease characterized by rudimentary appendages or complete absence of all four limbs, and other anomalies such as craniofacial, nervous system, pulmonary, skeletal and urogenital defects. TETAMS2 patients manifest limb deformities, bilateral agenesis of the lungs, abnormalities of the pulmonary vasculature, labioscrotal fold aplasia, and dysmorphic features including bilateral cleft lip/palate, ankyloglossia, mandibular hypoplasia, and microretrognathia. TETAMS2 transmission pattern is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.

Has both beta-1,3-glucuronic acid and beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity. Transfers glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc to the non-reducing end of the elongating chondroitin polymer. Involved in the negative control of osteogenesis likely through the modulation of NOTCH signaling

Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack membraneSecreted

Temtamy preaxial brachydactyly syndrome

A syndrome characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, intellectual disability, sensorineural deafness, talon cusps of upper central incisors, growth retardation, and bilateral symmetric digital anomalies mainly in the form of preaxial brachydactyly and hyperphalangism.

Growth factor that controls proliferation and cellular differentiation in the retina and bone formation. Plays a key role in regulating apoptosis during retinal development. Establishes dorsal-ventral positional information in the retina and controls the formation of the retinotectal map (PubMed:23307924). Required for normal formation of bones and joints in the limbs, skull, digits and axial skeleton. Plays a key role in establishing boundaries between skeletal elements during development. Regu

Secreted

Klippel-Feil syndrome 1, autosomal dominant

A skeletal disorder characterized by congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae. It is due to a failure in the normal segmentation of vertebrae during the early weeks of fetal development. The clinical triad consists of short neck, low posterior hairline, and limited neck movement. Deafness is a feature in some cases and may be of sensorineural, conductive, or mixed type.

Growth factor involved in bone and cartilage formation. During cartilage development regulates differentiation of chondrogenic tissue through two pathways. Firstly, positively regulates differentiation of chondrogenic tissue through its binding of high affinity with BMPR1B and of less affinity with BMPR1A, leading to induction of SMAD1-SMAD5-SMAD8 complex phosphorylation and then SMAD protein signaling transduction (PubMed:15530414, PubMed:21976273, PubMed:24098149, PubMed:25092592). Secondly, n

SecretedCell membrane

Acromesomelic dysplasia 2A

A form of acromesomelic dysplasia, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature, very short limbs and hand/foot malformations. The severity of limb abnormalities increases from proximal to distal with profoundly affected hands and feet showing brachydactyly and/or rudimentary fingers (knob-like fingers). AMD2A is an autosomal recessive form characterized by normal axial skeletons and missing or fused skeletal elements within the hands and feet.

Inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling which is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite. Essential for cartilage morphogenesis and joint formation. Inhibits chondrocyte differentiation through its interaction with GDF5 and, probably, GDF6 (PubMed:21976273, PubMed:26643732)

Secreted

Symphalangism, proximal 1A

A disease characterized by the hereditary absence of the proximal interphalangeal joints. Distal interphalangeal joints are less frequently involved and metacarpophalangeal joints are rarely affected whereas carpal bone malformation and fusion are common. In the lower extremities, tarsal bone coalition is common. Conductive hearing loss is seen and is due to fusion of the stapes to the petrous part of the temporal bone.

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Postsynaptic cell membraneCell membrane

Multiple pterygium syndrome, lethal type

Multiple pterygia are found infrequently in children with arthrogryposis and in fetuses with fetal akinesia syndrome. In lethal multiple pterygium syndrome there is intrauterine growth retardation, multiple pterygia, and flexion contractures causing severe arthrogryposis and fetal akinesia. Subcutaneous edema can be severe, causing fetal hydrops with cystic hygroma and lung hypoplasia. Oligohydramnios and facial anomalies are frequent.

Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) for steroid hormones, such as progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) (PubMed:35394864, PubMed:39884271). Involved in many biological processes, such as myelination, sprouting angiogenesis, placenta, ear and cartilage development (By similarity). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cycla

Cell membrane

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 9

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy and congenital non-progressive joint contractures. The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth.

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP and utilizes this energy to mediate vesicle scission at plasma membrane during endocytosis and filament remodeling at many actin structures during organization of the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:15731758, PubMed:19605363, PubMed:19623537, PubMed:33713620, PubMed:34744632). Plays an important role in vesicular trafficking processes, namely clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), exocytic and clathrin-coated vesicle from the trans-Golgi network, and PDGF stimulated macr

Cytoplasm, cytoskeletonCytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicleCell projection, uropodiumEndosomeCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosomeCytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome, centrioleRecycling endosomeCell projection, phagocytic cupCytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome membraneCell projection, podosomeCytoplasmCell junctionPostsynaptic densitySynapse, synaptosomeMidbodyMembrane, clathrin-coated pit

Myopathy, centronuclear, 1

A congenital muscle disorder characterized by progressive muscular weakness and wasting involving mainly limb girdle, trunk, and neck muscles. It may also affect distal muscles. Weakness may be present during childhood or adolescence or may not become evident until the third decade of life. Ptosis is a frequent clinical feature. The most prominent histopathologic features include high frequency of centrally located nuclei in muscle fibers not secondary to regeneration, radial arrangement of sarcoplasmic strands around the central nuclei, and predominance and hypotrophy of type 1 fibers.

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and in the regulation of embryonic development. Required for normal embryonic patterning, trophoblast function, limb bud development, lung morphogenesis, osteogenesis and skin development. Plays an essential role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is

Cell membraneGolgi apparatusCytoplasmic vesicleSecreted

Crouzon syndrome

An autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, exophthalmos and external strabismus, parrot-beaked nose, short upper lip, hypoplastic maxilla, and a relative mandibular prognathism.