Raras
Buscar doenças, sintomas, genes...
Síndrome de neuropatia por hipomielinização-artrogripose
Mantido por Agente Raras·Colaborar como especialista →

Introdução

O que você precisa saber de cara

📋

A seguir, uma lista de doenças genéticas e, se conhecido, o tipo de mutação e o cromossomo envolvido. Embora o jargão "gene causador de doença" seja comum, é a ocorrência de uma anormalidade nos pais que causa o desenvolvimento da deficiência na criança. Existem mais de 6.000 doenças genéticas conhecidas em humanos.

Escala de raridade

CLASSIFICAÇÃO ORPHANET · BRASIL 2024
<1 / 1 000 000
Ultra-rara
<1/50k
Muito rara
1/20k
Rara
1/10k
Pouco freq.
1/5k
Incomum
1/2k
Prevalência
0.0
Worldwide
Casos conhecidos
9
pacientes catalogados
Início
Antenatal
🏥
SUS: Cobertura mínimaScore: 15%
CID-10: Q68.8
🇧🇷Dados SUS / DATASUS
PROCEDIMENTOS SIGTAP (5)
0202010503
Cariótipo — bandas G, Q ou Rgenetic_test
0202010600
Pesquisa de microdeleções/microduplicações por FISHlab_test
0202010694
Sequenciamento completo do exoma (WES)rehabilitation
0202010260
Dosagem de alfa-fetoproteína
0301070040
Atendimento em reabilitação — doenças raras
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Entender a doença

Do básico ao detalhe, leia no seu ritmo

Preparando trilha educativa...

Sinais e sintomas

O que aparece no corpo e com que frequência cada sintoma acontece

Partes do corpo afetadas

🦴
Ossos e articulações
1 sintomas
🫁
Pulmão
1 sintomas
🧠
Neurológico
1 sintomas

+ 2 sintomas em outras categorias

Características mais comuns

90%prev.
Limitação da mobilidade articular
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Reflexos tendíneos reduzidos
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Desconforto respiratório
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Anormalidade no EMG
Muito frequente (99-80%)
90%prev.
Hipotonia
Muito frequente (99-80%)
5sintomas
Muito frequente (5)

Os sintomas variam de pessoa para pessoa. Abaixo estão as 5 características clínicas mais associadas, ordenadas por frequência.

Limitação da mobilidade articularLimitation of joint mobility
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Reflexos tendíneos reduzidosReduced tendon reflexes
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Desconforto respiratórioRespiratory distress
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
Anormalidade no EMGEMG abnormality
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%
HipotoniaHypotonia
Muito frequente (99-80%)90%

Linha do tempo da pesquisa

Publicações por ano — veja quando o interesse científico cresceu
Anos de pesquisa1desde 2026
Últimos 10 anos200publicações
Pico202023 papers
Linha do tempo
2026Hoje · 2026📈 2020Ano de pico
Publicações por ano (últimos 10 anos)

Encontrou um erro ou informação desatualizada? Sugira uma correção →

Genética e causas

O que está alterado no DNA e como passa nas famílias

Genes associados

3 genes identificados com associação a esta condição. Padrão de herança: Autosomal recessive.

LGI4Leucine-rich repeat LGI family member 4Disease-causing germline mutation(s) (loss of function) inTolerante
FUNÇÃO

Component of Schwann cell signaling pathway(s) that controls axon segregation and myelin formation (By similarity)

LOCALIZAÇÃO

Secreted

VIAS BIOLÓGICAS (1)
LGI-ADAM interactions
MECANISMO DE DOENÇA

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 1, neurogenic, with myelin defect

A form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, a developmental condition characterized by multiple joint contractures resulting from reduced or absent fetal movements. AMC1 is an autosomal recessive severe form with onset in utero. Most affected individuals die in utero. Those who survive have generalized contractures and hypotonia. The disorder is caused by a neurogenic defect and poor or absent myelin formation around peripheral nerves rather than by a muscular defect.

VIAS REACTOME (1)
EXPRESSÃO TECIDUAL(Ubíquo)
Nervo tibial
679.0 TPM
Cervix Ectocervix
161.9 TPM
Cervix Endocervix
126.6 TPM
Cólon sigmoide
105.2 TPM
Tecido adiposo
98.3 TPM
INTERAÇÕES PROTEICAS (3)
OUTRAS DOENÇAS (1)
arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 1, neurogenic, with myelin defect
HGNC:18712UniProt:Q8N135
CNTNAP1Contactin-associated protein 1Disease-causing germline mutation(s) inRestrito
FUNÇÃO

Required, with CNTNAP2, for radial and longitudinal organization of myelinated axons. Plays a role in the formation of functional distinct domains critical for saltatory conduction of nerve impulses in myelinated nerve fibers. Demarcates the paranodal region of the axo-glial junction. In association with contactin involved in the signaling between axons and myelinating glial cells

LOCALIZAÇÃO

MembraneCell junction, paranodal septate junction

VIAS BIOLÓGICAS (1)
Neurofascin interactions
MECANISMO DE DOENÇA

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 7

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy and congenital non-progressive joint contractures. The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth. LCCS7 is a severe axoglial disease characterized by congenital distal joint contractures, polyhydramnios, reduced fetal movements, and motor paralysis leading to death early in the neonatal period.

VIAS REACTOME (1)
OUTRAS DOENÇAS (2)
neuropathy, congenital hypomyelinating, 3lethal congenital contracture syndrome 7
HGNC:8011UniProt:P78357
ADCY6Adenylate cyclase type 6Disease-causing germline mutation(s) inTolerante
FUNÇÃO

Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (PubMed:17110384, PubMed:17916776). Functions in signaling cascades downstream of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and in vascular smooth muscle cells (PubMed:17916776). Functions in signaling cascades downstream of the vasopressin receptor in the kidney and has a role in renal water reabsorption. Functions in signaling cascades downstream of PTH1R and plays a role in regulating renal phosphate

LOCALIZAÇÃO

Cell membraneCell projection, ciliumCell projection, stereocilium

VIAS BIOLÓGICAS (10)
ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines productionG alpha (i) signalling eventsG alpha (z) signalling eventsG alpha (s) signalling eventsGPER1 signaling
MECANISMO DE DOENÇA

Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 8

A form of lethal congenital contracture syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior horn neurons, extreme skeletal muscle atrophy and congenital non-progressive joint contractures. The contractures can involve the upper or lower limbs and/or the vertebral column, leading to various degrees of flexion or extension limitations evident at birth. LCCS8 is an axoglial form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, characterized by congenital distal joint contractures, reduced fetal movements, and severe motor paralysis leading to death early in the neonatal period.

OUTRAS DOENÇAS (1)
lethal congenital contracture syndrome 8
HGNC:237UniProt:O43306

Variantes genéticas (ClinVar)

171 variantes patogênicas registradas no ClinVar.

🧬 ADCY6: GRCh38/hg38 12p13.33-q13.12(chr12:82453-49847230)x3 ()
🧬 ADCY6: GRCh37/hg19 12q11-13.12(chr12:37857750-49791459) ()
🧬 ADCY6: GRCh37/hg19 12q11-13.12(chr12:37873948-49578619)x3 ()
🧬 ADCY6: NM_015270.5(ADCY6):c.3007G>A (p.Glu1003Lys) ()
🧬 ADCY6: NM_015270.5(ADCY6):c.1535+1G>A ()
Ver todas no ClinVar

Diagnóstico

Os sinais que médicos procuram e os exames que confirmam

Carregando...

Tratamento e manejo

Remédios, cuidados de apoio e o que precisa acompanhar

Carregando informações de tratamento...

Onde tratar no SUS

Hospitais de referência no Brasil e o protocolo oficial do SUS (PCDT)

🇧🇷 Atendimento SUS — Síndrome de neuropatia por hipomielinização-artrogripose

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Selecione um estado ou use sua localização para ver resultados.

Dados de DATASUS/CNES, SBGM, ABNeuro e Ministério da Saúde. Sempre confirme a disponibilidade diretamente com o estabelecimento.

Pesquisa ativa

Ensaios clínicos abertos e novidades científicas recentes

Pesquisa e ensaios clínicos

Nenhum ensaio clínico registrado para esta condição.

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Publicações mais relevantes

Timeline de publicações
0 papers (10 anos)
#1

Dysregulated lipid metabolism and hypomyelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout Zellweger mice.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience2026

Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in fatty acid degradation, cholesterol homeostasis and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Their dysfunction is associated with severe neurological disorders, including Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD) and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). In this study, we investigated the relationship between cholesterol homeostasis and myelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout mice. We dissected the central nervous system (CNS) of 10-day-old (P10) control and Pex2 -/- mice into five regions: spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and cerebral cortex. Catalase activity, a marker enzyme of peroxisomes, was significantly increased in CNS regions of Pex2 -/- mice, indicating an oxidative imbalance. Proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in peroxisomal proteins and pathways related to neurodegenerative diseases, cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism and mRNA processing. Cholesterol biosynthesis was particularly dysregulated: enzyme activities, mRNA, and protein levels were reduced in white matter regions but increased in the cerebral cortex. The elevated desmosterol levels in the brain of Pex2 -/- mice indicate impaired cholesterol synthesis. Sphingolipid metabolism was also altered in the peroxisome-deficient CNS, as the protein levels of enzymes dihydroceramide desaturase 1, ceramide synthase 2, fatty acid 2-hydroxylase, and UDP-glycosyltransferase 8 were significantly decreased. Myelination was significantly reduced throughout the CNS, as evidenced by decreased activities of the myelin marker 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and decreased mRNA and protein levels of myelin-associated proteins. The consistent decrease in ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in the CNS of Pex2 -/- mice suggests that decreased mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity contributes to hypomyelination. Gene expression analysis revealed an upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and altered expression of some homeostatic and disease-associated microglial (DAM) genes. However, full DAM activation was not yet observed in Pex2 -/- mice at P10. In conclusion, this study shows that systemic peroxisome deficiency leads to severe hypomyelination and dysregulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in the CNS, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of peroxisomal disorders.

#2

The Impact of RNA Polymerase III-Related Leukodystrophy on Nonaffected Family Members: A Qualitative Study.

Pediatric neurology2026 Mar

RNA polymerase III-related hypomyelinating leukodystrophy (POLR3-HLD) is a rare, neurodegenerative, brain white matter disorder characterized by hypomyelination, hypodontia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Due to the complex and progressive nature of this disorder, parents and siblings of patients face many potential challenges and stressors. We, therefore, sought to explore parents' and siblings' experiences to understand their specific needs and identify modifiable factors to limit familial burden and improve their quality of life. We conducted semistructured interviews with parents and siblings of patients with POLR3-HLD. Interview questions focused on the financial, emotional, and psychosocial impacts on parents, as well as siblings' relationship with their affected sibling and the psychosocial impacts they may have experienced. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Through the coding process, themes surrounding the impact on and experiences of parents and siblings were developed. Nineteen semistructured interviews with 24 parents and nine interviews with 9 siblings were completed between March and October 2023 and February and May 2024, respectively. Four themes from parent interviews included extensive caregiver burden, emotional and psychosocial challenges, the importance of parental self-health, and comfort in the leukodystrophy community. Three themes from sibling interviews included the spectrum of emotional impacts, limited knowledge about POLR3-HLD, and adapting to their sibling's needs. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the family experience, identifying the common challenges and specific needs of parents and siblings, highlighting areas of improvement in the global care offered to this vulnerable patient population.

#3

Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome: Insights from a Middle Eastern Case Series.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology2026 Mar 16

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare, genetically-determined spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders that remains poorly understood. Owing to the paucity of data from Middle-Eastern population, we aimed to delineate the clinical, radiological, and genetic features of AGS in an under-represented Middle-Eastern cohort. A retrospective case-series review was performed of all genetically-confirmed AGS cases managed at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Qatar between November 2016 and December 2024. Demographic, clinical, radiologic, and genetic data were extracted; white-matter (WM) disease severity and imaging course were graded, and associations with genotype were explored. Fifteen individuals (73.3% male; 80% consanguinity) were identified. Symptom onset occurred in the infantile age in 86.7%, with developmental delay or regression (100%), intellectual impairment (76.9%), and impaired motor function (69.2%) predominating. Two siblings with SAMHD1-homozygous variant were neurologically normal but had chronic arthritis. Genetic variants were identified in RNASEH2B (26.7%), RNASEH2A and TREX1 (each 20%), followed by ADAR1 and SAMHD1 (each 13.3%), and RNASEH2C (6.7%); 80% of variants were homozygous. Radiological assessment was suggestive of the disease in 40% of the cases. Initial neuroimaging revealed focal WM disease in 76.9%, calcifications in 53.8%, hypomyelination in 38.5%, and basal-ganglia involvement in 30.8%. WM disease was absent (13.3%), mild (40.0%), moderate (40%), or severe (6.7%); follow-up imaging showed stable (10%), regressive (30%), progressive (40%), or progressive-then-regressive (20%) course of imaging findings, independent of the genotype and clinical course. Genotype correlated significantly with WM disease severity at presentation (p < 0.05), but not with longitudinal imaging trajectory. Intrafamilial radiological discordance was observed in half of the family clusters. This AGS series from a Middle-Eastern population broadens the phenotypic spectrum, highlighting high homozygosity and RNASEH2 predominance in a highly consanguineous population, a significant genotype-WM disease severity link, and radiologic variability independent of genotype or clinical course. Awareness of these patterns may inform population-based testing and management strategies. AGS =Aicardi-Goutières syndrome; VUS = variant of uncertain significance.

#4

POLR3A-related syndrome complicated with cerebral abscesses: a case report and literature review.

Frontiers in genetics2026

POLR3A gene-related syndrome is a complex genetic disorder with diverse clinical manifestations. Understanding its characteristics is crucial for diagnosis and management. Previous studies have reported various aspects of this syndrome, yet a comprehensive analysis of different Variant sites and their associated phenotypes remains necessary. This study presents a case of POLR3A-related syndrome in a pediatric patient. Symptom onset occurred after 2 years of age, initially presenting with gait disturbance. As the disease progressed, gait instability worsened progressively and was accompanied by dysarthria, intellectual developmental impairment, and tremor. Subsequent neuroimaging revealed multiple intracerebral infectious lesions with abscess formation. Whole-genome sequencing identified a homozygous c.1771-6C>G variant in the POLR3A gene. This variant has been previously reported as pathogenic at this locus; however, the complication of multiple intracerebral infections and abscess formation represents a previously unreported manifestation. It is noteworthy that the parents of the proband were consanguineous (first-degree relatives). A review of 60 unrelated probands with POLR3A-related syndrome was conducted based on previously published cases. The analysis revealed no significant sex difference in disease occurrence. The median age of onset was approximately 8 years, with common initial symptoms including gait disturbance and cognitive developmental impairment. Neuroimaging findings indicated cerebral atrophy in 31 cases (66.0%) and white matter hypomyelination in 17 cases (34.7%). Among the reported genetic variants, c.1909 + 22G>A was the most prevalent, identified in 19 families (17.8%), followed by c.1771-6C>G in 9 families (6.4%). Furthermore, patients with different variant sites displayed heterogeneity in initial symptoms, clinical presentations, and imaging characteristics. This comprehensive review enhances the understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of POLR3A-related syndrome.

#5

Human CNTNAP1 Variants Associated With Severe Neurological Deficits: Additional Cases and Literature Review.

Muscle &amp; nerve2026 Apr

CNTNAP1 encodes the Contactin-Associated Protein 1 (CNTNAP1), also known as Caspr1, which is a transmembrane protein critical for nervous system function. CNTNAP1 is localized to the paranodal regions of all myelinated axons, flanking either side of the node of Ranvier. It plays a vital role in axonal domain organization and is essential for the propagation of action potentials along nerve fibers. This specialized arrangement of axonal domains, which contain distinct molecular complexes, enables saltatory conduction and significantly increases the speed and efficiency of neuronal communication. To date, there are 47 children with biallelic CNTNAP1 variants who have been reported exhibiting a wide spectrum of phenotypes including congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, hypotonia, and joint contractures among other clinical features. In this review, we compiled all previously published cases and detailed the specific genetic variants of every known individual, including clinical manifestations. Additionally, we present seven new cases of individuals identified through direct collaborations with clinicians and families, bringing the total to 54 individuals who harbor biallelic variants in CNTNAP1. This review and the additional case studies demonstrate that while children with CNTNAP1 mutations can present with a broad spectrum of symptoms, there is a recurrence of key clinical features across these cases. These key features commonly include respiratory distress, generalized hypotonia, hypomyelination, intellectual disabilities, and reduced life expectancy. These newly described cases provide valuable insights into the phenotypic diversity of CNTNAP1 variants, deepening our understanding of the clinical impact in patients with this rare genetic disorder.

Publicações recentes

Ver todas no PubMed

📚 EuropePMCmostrando 199

2026

Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome: Insights from a Middle Eastern Case Series.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology
2026

Dysregulated lipid metabolism and hypomyelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout Zellweger mice.

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
2026

POLR3A-related syndrome complicated with cerebral abscesses: a case report and literature review.

Frontiers in genetics
2026

Human CNTNAP1 Variants Associated With Severe Neurological Deficits: Additional Cases and Literature Review.

Muscle &amp; nerve
2026

Confirmation of biallelic VPS11 variants as a cause of complex dystonic syndrome.

Clinical parkinsonism &amp; related disorders
2026

The Impact of RNA Polymerase III-Related Leukodystrophy on Nonaffected Family Members: A Qualitative Study.

Pediatric neurology
2026

Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome in a child with an underlying hypomyelinating leukodystrophy: a previously unreported association.

Pediatric radiology
2025

Genetic, Clinical and Neuroradiological Spectrum of MED-Related Disorders: An Updated Review.

Genes
2025

A novel SLC17A5 variant in infantile sialic acid storage disease with hyporegenerative anemia: Neuroimaging insights and literature review.

Molecular genetics and metabolism reports
2025

MCT8 Deficiency in Two Brothers With a Novel Deletion Mutation in SLC16A2.

Case reports in genetics
2025

The Genetic Basis of Neurological Disorders: Missense and Nonsense Variants in Three Pakistani Families With Syndromic Intellectual Disability.

Annals of human genetics
2025

Expanding the Phenotype Spectrum of β-Mannosidosis.

Neurology. Genetics
2025

POLR3B-Related Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy Type 8 (4H Syndrome): A Case Series of Two Siblings.

Cureus
2025

Neonatal sevoflurane exposure disrupted fatty acids metabolism, leading to hypomyelination and neurological impairments.

Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie
2025

BLOC1S1 variants cause lysosomal and autophagic defects resulting in a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with epileptic encephalopathy.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
2025

Cochlear implantation in Childhood Ataxia with Central nervous system Hypomyelination Syndrome.

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
2025

Inactivation of Thyroid Hormone Transporters Mct8/Oatp1c1 in Mouse Brain Endothelial Cells Causes Region-Specific Alterations in Central Thyroid Hormone Signaling.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association
2025

Hypomyelination Leukodystrophy Type 11 (HLD11) Presenting with Diabetes: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Sage open pediatrics
2025

The Attenuated Phenotype of CNTNAP1-Related Neuropathy Mimics Spastic-Dystonic Cerebral Palsy.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2025

POLR3A rare variants in a patient with intellectual disability, ataxic gait and cortical malformations: a case-report.

Italian journal of pediatrics
2025

An atypical initial revelation of CACH-vanishing white matter syndrome miming herpetic encephalitis in a 6-year-old child: Case report and brief review.

Radiology case reports
2025

Bi-allelic variants in BRF2 are associated with perinatal death and craniofacial anomalies.

Genome medicine
2024

SPOUT1 variants associated with autosomal-recessive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Acta epileptologica
2025

POLR3-Related Leukodystrophy: A Qualitative Study on Parents' Experiences With the Health Care System.

Pediatric neurology
2025

Trichothiodystrophy due to ERCC2 Variants: Uncommon Contributor to Progressive Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2024

Case Report: The first Korean familial case of BCAP31-related deafness, dystonia, and cerebral hypomyelination.

Frontiers in pediatrics
2025

An X-Linked Ataxia Syndrome in a Family with Hearing Loss Associated with a Novel Variant in the BCAP31 Gene.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society
2024

Endocrine Care of a 19-year-old Woman With Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism due to 4H Syndrome.

AACE clinical case reports
2025

First description of novel compound heterozygous mutations in HYCC1: clinical evaluations and molecular analysis in patient with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-5 with retrospective view.

Journal of human genetics
2024

Neurodevelopmental Disorder Caused by Deletion of CHASERR, a lncRNA Gene.

The New England journal of medicine
2025

Stress and Quality of Life of Parents of Children With POLR3-Related Leukodystrophy: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.

Journal of child neurology
2024

Rapid identification of primary atopic disorders (PAD) by a clinical landmark-guided, upfront use of genomic sequencing.

Allergologie select
2024

Inherited white matter disorders: Hypomyelination (myelin disorders).

Handbook of clinical neurology
2024

LEUDEN Syndrome: A Novel Hypomyelinating Leukoencephalopathy in a 1-Year-Old Girl.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
2024

Xq22 deletion involving TCEAL1 in a female patient with early-onset neurological disease trait.

Human genome variation
2024

Spectrum of ERCC6-Related Cockayne Syndrome (Type B): From Mild to Severe Forms.

Genes
2024

Further delineation of Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome linked with POLR3A.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2024

Deep neurological phenotyping in oculo-dento-digital syndrome.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
2024

Progress in leukodystrophies with zebrafish.

Development, growth &amp; differentiation
2024

Biallelic pathogenic variants of PARS2 cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with spike-and-wave activation in sleep.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2023

A New Case of Autosomal-Dominant POLR3B-Related Disorder: Widening Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum.

Brain sciences
2023

A Chinese patient with POLR3A-related leukodystrophy: a case report and literature review.

Frontiers in neurology
2023

The atypical sphingolipid SPB 18:1(14Z);O2 is a biomarker for DEGS1 related hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.

Journal of lipid research
2024

Two novel cases of biallelic SMPD4 variants with brain structural abnormalities.

Neurogenetics
2024

A New Phenotype of TUBB4A Mutation in a Family With Adult-Onset Progressive Spastic Paraplegia and Isolated Hypomyelination Leukodystrophy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Journal of movement disorders
2023

Interstitial lung disease and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in CADDS: Phenotypic expansion and literature review.

JIMD reports
2023

Mutation in the β-tubulin gene TUBB4A results in epileptic encephalopathy associated with hypomyelinated leucodystrophy: Unexpected findings reveal genetic mosaicism.

International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience
2023

Occupational Therapy Intervention in the Child with Leukodystrophy: Case Report.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
2024

Treacher Collins Syndrome Associated with Disproportionate Nervous System, Cardiovascular, Otologic Complications Among 1,114 Patients.

The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association
2023

Thyroid hormone transporter Mct8/Oatp1c1 deficiency compromises proper oligodendrocyte maturation in the mouse CNS.

Neurobiology of disease
2023

EGR2 gene-linked hereditary neuropathies present with a bimodal age distribution at symptoms onset.

Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS
2023

Craniofacial features of POLR3-related leukodystrophy caused by biallelic variants in POLR3A, POLR3B and POLR1C.

Journal of medical genetics
2023

A novel mutation in RNF216 gene in a Turkish case with Gordon Holmes syndrome.

BMC medical genomics
2025

The First Case of 4H Syndrome with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology
2023

Identification of a de novo Mutation in TMEM106B in a Saudi Child Causes Hypomyelination Leukodystrophy.

Global medical genetics
2023

Spectrum of Pediatric to Early Adulthood POLR3A-Associated Movement Disorders.

Movement disorders clinical practice
2022

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) as a possible risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders.

Frontiers in neuroscience
2023

Consolidating the association of biallelic MAPKAPK5 pathogenic variants with a distinct syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.

Journal of medical genetics
2023

Brain imaging findings in Liberfarb syndrome: hypomyelination and optic nerve and cerebellar atrophy.

Pediatric radiology
2022

Prolonged, Low-Level Exposure to the Marine Toxin, Domoic Acid, and Measures of Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primates.

Environmental health perspectives
2022

Variants in the zinc transporter TMEM163 cause a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2022

EIF2B2 gene mutation causing early onset vanishing white matter disease: a case report.

Italian journal of pediatrics
2022

ANKLE2-related microcephaly: A variable microcephaly syndrome resembling Zika infection.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology
2022

A new entity of hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum-like syndrome with bilateral developmental cataract.

Indian journal of ophthalmology
2022

Mutations in TAF8 cause a neurodegenerative disorder.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2022

Case Report: Novel Biallelic Null Variants of SMPD4 Confirm Its Involvement in Neurodevelopmental Disorder With Microcephaly, Arthrogryposis, and Structural Brain Anomalies.

Frontiers in genetics
2022

[Analysis of a case with Xia-Gibbs syndrome due to variant of AHDC1 gene].

Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics
2022

Biallelic variants in SLC35B2 cause a novel chondrodysplasia with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2023

Hypomyelination with Atrophy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (HABC) Due to UFM1 Mutation in Roma Patients - Severe Early Encephalopathy with Stridor and Severe Hearing and Visual Impairment. A Single Center Experience.

CNS &amp; neurological disorders drug targets
2022

Possible EIF2AK2-Associated Stress-Related Neurological Decompensation with Combined Dystonia and Striatal Lesions.

Movement disorders clinical practice
2022

Clinical and imaging characteristics of 4H syndrome: A case report.

CNS neuroscience &amp; therapeutics
2021

Neonatal neuronal WWOX gene therapy rescues Wwox null phenotypes.

EMBO molecular medicine
2021

Genome sequencing identifies three molecular diagnoses including a mosaic variant in the COL2A1 gene in an individual with Pol III-related leukodystrophy and Feingold syndrome.

Cold Spring Harbor molecular case studies
2022

A novel homozygous synonymous variant further expands the phenotypic spectrum of POLR3A-related pathologies.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2021

ASD-like behaviors, a dysregulated inflammatory response and decreased expression of PLP1 characterize mice deficient for sialyltransferase ST3GAL5.

Brain, behavior, &amp; immunity - health
2021

Case Report: Diffuse Polymicrogyria Associated With a Novel ADGRG1 Variant.

Frontiers in pediatrics
2021

Biallelic PI4KA variants cause a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2022

POLR3A variants in hereditary spastic paraparesis and ataxia: clinical, genetic, and neuroradiological findings in a cohort of Italian patients.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
2021

MyelTracer: A Semi-Automated Software for Myelin g-Ratio Quantification.

eNeuro
2021

Broadening the spectrum phenotype of TBCE-related neuron neurodegeneration.

Brain &amp; development
2021

MPV17-related Hepatocerebral Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome.

The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi
2021

Migrating Focal Seizures and Myoclonic Status in ARV1-Related Encephalopathy.

Neurology. Genetics
2021

Cerebral folate transporter deficiency syndrome in three siblings: Why genetic testing for developmental and epileptic encephalopathies should be performed early and include the FOLR1 gene.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2021

New Cohort of Patients With CEDNIK Syndrome Expands the Phenotypic and Genotypic Spectra.

Neurology. Genetics
2021

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell maturation is dependent on dual function of MCT8 in the transport of thyroid hormone across brain barriers and the plasma membrane.

Glia
2021

BAP31: Physiological functions and roles in disease.

Biochimie
2021

Neuronal deletion of Wwox, associated with WOREE syndrome, causes epilepsy and myelin defects.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2021

A next generation sequencing-based analysis of a large cohort of ataxic patients refines the clinical spectrum associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 21.

European journal of neurology
2021

C21orf91 Regulates Oligodendroglial Precursor Cell Fate-A Switch in the Glial Lineage?

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience
2021

A hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in German Shepherd dogs.

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
2021

Preliminary report for Epilepsia Open A case of West syndrome with severe global developmental delay and confirmed KIF5A gene variant.

Epilepsia open
2021

New Insights on the Genetic Basis Underlying SHILCA Syndrome: Characterization of the NMNAT1 Pathological Alterations Due to Compound Heterozygous Mutations and Identification of a Novel Alternative Isoform.

International journal of molecular sciences
2021

Further delineation of BCAP31-linked intellectual disability: description of 17 new families with LoF and missense variants.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG
2021

EIF2AK2-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder With Leukoencephalopathy, Developmental Delay, and Episodic Neurologic Regression Mimics Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease.

Neurology. Genetics
2021

Expanding the Clinical and Mutational Spectrum of the PLP1-Related Hypomyelination of Early Myelinated Structures (HEMS).

Brain sciences
2021

Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on myelin development and diseases.

Neurotoxicology
2020

A CNTNAP1 Missense Variant Is Associated with Canine Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy.

Genes
2020

Neurodevelopmental regression, severe generalized dystonia, and metabolic acidosis caused by POLR3A mutations.

Neurology. Genetics
2020

FLVCR1-related disease as a rare cause of retinitis pigmentosa and hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy.

European journal of medical genetics
2020

The deficiency of myelin in the mutant taiep rat induces a differential immune response related to protection from the human parasite Trichinella spiralis.

PloS one
2020

Leukoencephalopathy in Al-Raqad syndrome: Expanding the clinical and neuroimaging features caused by a biallelic novel missense variant in DCPS.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2020

Schimke XLID syndrome results from a deletion in BCAP31.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2020

De novo mutation and skewed X-inactivation in girl with BCAP31-related syndrome.

Human mutation
2020

N-Wasp Regulates Oligodendrocyte Myelination.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
2020

A recurrent TMEM106B mutation in hypomyelinating leukodystrophy: A rapid diagnostic assay.

Brain &amp; development
2020

MRI Features in a Rat Model of H-ABC Tubulinopathy.

Frontiers in neuroscience
2020

Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 Deficiency: Delayed or Permanent Hypomyelination?

Frontiers in endocrinology
2020

Neural stem cells restore myelin in a demyelinating model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2020

Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia: a Pattern Recognition Approach.

Cerebellum (London, England)
2020

CNTNAP1 Mutations and Their Clinical Presentations: New Case Report and Systematic Review.

Case reports in medicine
2020

Foetal onset of EIF2B related disorder in two siblings: cerebellar hypoplasia with absent Bergmann glia and severe hypomyelination.

Acta neuropathologica communications
2020

De novo EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 Variants Are Associated with Developmental Delay, Leukoencephalopathy, and Neurologic Decompensation.

American journal of human genetics
2020

Reader response: Teaching NeuroImages: A rare case of Jacobsen syndrome with global diffuse hypomyelination of brain.

Neurology
2019

Clinical spectrum of POLR3-related leukodystrophy caused by biallelic POLR1C pathogenic variants.

Neurology. Genetics
2019

West Syndrome in an Infant With Vitamin B12 Deficiency Born to Autoantibodies Positive Mother.

Frontiers in pediatrics
2020

Possible mitochondrial dysfunction in a patient with deafness, dystonia, and cerebral hypomyelination (DDCH) due to BCAP31 Mutation.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2019

CNS manifestations in patients with telomere biology disorders.

Neurology. Genetics
2020

An update on clinical, pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic perspectives of childhood leukodystrophies.

Expert review of neurotherapeutics
2019

Aberrant Oligodendrogenesis in Down Syndrome: Shift in Gliogenesis?

Cells
2019

Developmental hypomyelination in Wolfram syndrome: new insights from neuroimaging and gene expression analyses.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2019

Compound heterozygous mutations in SNAP29 is associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disorder (PMLD).

Human genetics
2019

Biallelic DMXL2 mutations impair autophagy and cause Ohtahara syndrome with progressive course.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2020

Genetic and phenotypic features of patients with childhood ataxias diagnosed by next-generation sequencing gene panel.

Brain &amp; development
2019

Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome in patients with SLC16A2 mutations.

Developmental medicine and child neurology
2019

Novel POLR1C mutation in RNA polymerase III-related leukodystrophy with severe myoclonus and dystonia.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2020

BCAP31-related syndrome: The first de novo report.

European journal of medical genetics
2019

Mouse Nr2f1 haploinsufficiency unveils new pathological mechanisms of a human optic atrophy syndrome.

EMBO molecular medicine
2019

Animal models in the neurotoxicology of 2,4-D.

Human &amp; experimental toxicology
2019

Oligodendroglial Lineage Cells in Thyroid Hormone-Deprived Conditions.

Stem cells international
2020

Leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies in children.

Revue neurologique
2019

Agenesis and Hypomyelination of Corpus Callosum in Mice Lacking Nsun5, an RNA Methyltransferase.

Cells
2019

Severe presentation and complex brain malformations in an individual carrying a CCND2 variant.

Molecular genetics &amp; genomic medicine
2019

Teaching NeuroImages: A rare case of Jacobsen syndrome with global diffuse hypomyelination of brain.

Neurology
2019

A novel family with axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease caused by a mutation in the EGR2 gene.

Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS
2019

Cerebral hypomyelination associated with biallelic variants of FIG4.

Human mutation
2019

Mutations in ACTL6B, coding for a subunit of the neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex nBAF, cause early onset severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with brain hypomyelination and cerebellar atrophy.

Human genetics
2019

A novel image segmentation method for the evaluation of inflammation-induced cortical and hippocampal white matter injury in neonatal mice.

Journal of chemical neuroanatomy
2018

Galloway-Mowat syndrome in Taiwan: OSGEP mutation and unique clinical phenotype.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases
2018

Bi-allelic POLR3A Loss-of-Function Variants Cause Autosomal-Recessive Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch Syndrome.

American journal of human genetics
2018

Clinical Reasoning: West syndrome, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and hypomyelination in a 6-month-old boy.

Neurology
2018

[The importance of semiology and biochemistry in the diagnostic management of a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder].

Revista de neurologia
2018

Homozygous mutation in MFSD2A, encoding a lysolipid transporter for docosahexanoic acid, is associated with microcephaly and hypomyelination.

Neurogenetics
2018

Absence of Axoglial Paranodal Junctions in a Child With CNTNAP1 Mutations, Hypomyelination, and Arthrogryposis.

Journal of child neurology
2018

Leukodystrophy with disorders of sex development due to WT1 mutations.

Journal of the neurological sciences
2018

Protective role of the lipid phosphatase Fig4 in the adult nervous system.

Human molecular genetics
2018

A patient with peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, and severe hypoganglionosis associated with a novel SOX10 mutation.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2018

A novel homozygous mutation in POLR3A gene causing 4H syndrome: a case report.

BMC pediatrics
2018

Phenotype of CNTNAP1: a study of patients demonstrating a specific severe congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy with survival beyond infancy.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG
2018

Neurogenetics of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.

Handbook of clinical neurology
2018

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin-4 antibodies are highly specific in children with acquired demyelinating syndromes.

Developmental medicine and child neurology
2018

Hypomyelinating disorders in China: The clinical and genetic heterogeneity in 119 patients.

PloS one
2018

Ataxia With Hypodontia: A Unique Leukodystrophy.

Pediatric neurology
2018

Brain Atrophy and Hypomyelination Associated with Iatrogenic Cushing Syndrome in an Infant.

Iranian journal of child neurology
2018

Persistence of Zika Virus After Birth: Clinical, Virological, Neuroimaging, and Neuropathological Documentation in a 5-Month Infant With Congenital Zika Syndrome.

Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
2017

[Clinical manifestation and gene analyses of 15 patients with intellectual disability or developmental delay complicated with congenital nystagmus].

Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics
2017

Overcoming Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (MCT8)-Deficiency to Promote Human Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination.

EBioMedicine
2018

H-ABC Presenting as Asymmetric Dystonia in a Patient with Sturge-Weber Syndrome.

Neuropediatrics
2017

Delineating SPTAN1 associated phenotypes: from isolated epilepsy to encephalopathy with progressive brain atrophy.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2017

X-linked hypomyelination with spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (H-SMD) associated with mutations in AIFM1.

Neurogenetics
2017

Screening study of TUBB4A in isolated dystonia.

Parkinsonism &amp; related disorders
2017

Amino acid synthesis deficiencies.

Journal of inherited metabolic disease
2017

Cerebellar hypoplasia with endosteal sclerosis is a POLR3-related disorder.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG
2017

Deficient activity of alanyl-tRNA synthetase underlies an autosomal recessive syndrome of progressive microcephaly, hypomyelination, and epileptic encephalopathy.

Human mutation
2017

Hypomorphic mutations in POLR3A are a frequent cause of sporadic and recessive spastic ataxia.

Brain : a journal of neurology
2017

Zellweger syndrome: Depiction of MRI findings in early infancy at 3.0 Tesla.

The neuroradiology journal
2017

Severe neurodegeneration, progressive cerebral volume loss and diffuse hypomyelination associated with a homozygous frameshift mutation in CSTB.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG
2017

BCAP31-associated encephalopathy and complex movement disorder mimicking mitochondrial encephalopathy.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2017

Prenatal and postnatal presentations of corpus callosum agenesis with polymicrogyria caused by EGP5 mutation.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2017

Cockayne syndrome with intracranial calcification, hypomyelination, and cerebral atrophy.

Journal of neurosciences in rural practice
2017

Congenital infection with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is associated with disease and viral persistence.

Veterinary research
2016

Contactin-Associated Protein 1 (CNTNAP1) Mutations Induce Characteristic Lesions of the Paranodal Region.

Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
2016

Characterization of SPATA5-related encephalopathy in early childhood.

Clinical genetics
2016

A Novel Asp121Asn Mutation of Myelin Protein Zero Is Associated with Late-Onset Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Hearing Loss and Pupil Abnormalities.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience
2017

Control of seizures by ketogenic diet-induced modulation of metabolic pathways.

Amino acids
2016

Pharmacological treatment and BBB-targeted genetic therapy for MCT8-dependent hypomyelination in zebrafish.

Disease models &amp; mechanisms
2016

Cockayne syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric study.

The British journal of radiology
2016

Neonatal progeriod syndrome associated with biallelic truncating variants in POLR3A.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A
2016

Patchy white matter hyperintensity in ring chromosome 18 syndrome.

Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society
2017

Brittle Hair, Photosensitivity, Brain Hypomyelination and Immunodeficiency: Clues to Trichothiodystrophy.

Indian journal of pediatrics
2016

Metabolic, endocrine, and other genetic disorders.

Handbook of clinical neurology
2016

Collapsing Glomerulopathy in a Child with Galloway-Mowat Syndrome.

Case reports in nephrology
2016

Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: Tremors and twitches.

Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
2016

SNX27, a protein involved in down syndrome, regulates GPR17 trafficking and oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Glia
2016

Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies - a molecular insight into the white matter pathology.

Clinical genetics
2017

Hypomyelination with Atrophy of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (H-ABC) is a Differential Diagnosis for Pallidopyramidal Syndromes with Thin Corpus Callosum.

Movement disorders clinical practice
2016

PYCR2 Mutations cause a lethal syndrome of microcephaly and failure to thrive.

Annals of neurology
2017

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with neurodegeneration associated with AIFM1 mutation - a novel phenotype of the mitochondrial disease.

Clinical genetics
2016

Cellular and network-level adaptations to in utero methadone exposure along the ventral respiratory column in the neonate rat.

Experimental neurology
2016

The clinical syndrome of dystonia with anarthria/aphonia.

Parkinsonism &amp; related disorders
2016

Down Syndrome Developmental Brain Transcriptome Reveals Defective Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination.

Neuron
2016

[Clinical and molecular analysis of two Chinese siblings with Cockayne syndrome].

Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics
2016

Cockayne syndrome-derived neurons display reduced synapse density and altered neural network synchrony.

Human molecular genetics
2017

Developmental neurotoxicity of inhaled ambient ultrafine particle air pollution: Parallels with neuropathological and behavioral features of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders.

Neurotoxicology
2016

Genetic heterogeneity in 26 infants with a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.

Human genetics
2016

BCAP31 Mutation Causing a Syndrome of Congenital Dystonia, Facial Dysorphism and Central Hypomyelination Discovered Using Exome Sequencing.

Movement disorders clinical practice
2015

Mutations in RNF216 do not cause 4H syndrome.

Parkinsonism &amp; related disorders
2015

Hypomyelination and developmental delay associated with VPS11 mutation in Ashkenazi-Jewish patients.

Journal of medical genetics
2015

Longitudinal follow up of a boy affected by Pol III-related leukodystrophy: a detailed phenotype description.

BMC medical genetics
2015

Recessive mutations in POLR1C cause a leukodystrophy by impairing biogenesis of RNA polymerase III.

Nature communications

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Referências e fontes

Bases de dados externas citadas neste artigo

Publicações científicas

Artigos indexados no PubMed ligados a esta doença no grafo RarasNet — título, periódico e PMID direto da fonte, sem intermediação de IA.

  1. Dysregulated lipid metabolism and hypomyelination in postnatal peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout Zellweger mice.
    Frontiers in molecular neuroscience· 2026· PMID 41815956mais citado
  2. The Impact of RNA Polymerase III-Related Leukodystrophy on Nonaffected Family Members: A Qualitative Study.
    Pediatric neurology· 2026· PMID 41518854mais citado
  3. Aicardi-Gouti&#xe8;res Syndrome: Insights from a Middle Eastern Case Series.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology· 2026· PMID 41839614mais citado
  4. POLR3A-related syndrome complicated with cerebral abscesses: a case report and literature review.
    Frontiers in genetics· 2026· PMID 41716259mais citado
  5. Human CNTNAP1 Variants Associated With Severe Neurological Deficits: Additional Cases and Literature Review.
    Muscle &amp; nerve· 2026· PMID 41656591mais citado
  6. High prevalence of autoimmune disease in the rare inflammatory bone disorder sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis: survey of a Dutch cohort.
    Orphanet J Rare Dis· 2017· PMID 28122596recente

Bases de dados e fontes oficiais

Identificadores e referências canônicas usadas para montar este verbete.

  1. ORPHA:2680(Orphanet)
  2. MONDO:0700428(MONDO)
  3. Variantes catalogadas(ClinVar)
  4. Busca completa no PubMed(PubMed)
  5. Q55346121(Wikidata)

Dados compilados pelo RarasNet a partir de fontes abertas (Orphanet, OMIM, MONDO, PubMed/EuropePMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, DATASUS, PCDT/MS). Este conteúdo é informativo e não substitui avaliação médica.

Conteúdo mantido por Agente Raras · Médicos e pesquisadores podem colaborar

Compêndio · Raras BR

Síndrome de neuropatia por hipomielinização-artrogripose

ORPHA:2680 · MONDO:0700428
Prevalência
<1 / 1 000 000
Casos
9 casos conhecidos
Herança
Autosomal recessive
CID-10
Q68.8 · Outras deformidades osteomusculares congênitas
Início
Antenatal
Prevalência
0.0 (Worldwide)
MedGen
UMLS
C2931419
Wikidata
DiscussaoAtiva

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